| Polyhydramnios |
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| Classification and external resources |
| ICD-10 |
O40 |
| ICD-9 |
657 |
| DiseasesDB |
10319 |
| MedlinePlus |
003267 |
| eMedicine |
radio/566 |
| Patient UK |
Polyhydramnios |
| MeSH |
D006831 |
Polyhydramnios (polyhydramnion, hydramnios, polyhydramnios) is a medical condition describing an excess of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac. It is seen in about 1% of pregnancies.[1][2][3] It is typically diagnosed when the amniotic fluid index (AFI) is greater than 24 cm.[4][5] There are two clinical varieties of polyhydramnios:
- Chronic polyhydramnios where excess amniotic fluid accumulates gradually
- Acute polyhydramnios where excess amniotic fluid collects rapidly
The opposite to polyhydramnios is oligohydramnios, a deficiency in amniotic fluid.
Contents
- 1 Causes
- 2 Diagnosis
- 3 Associated conditions
- 4 Treatment
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Causes
In most cases, the exact cause cannot be identified. A single case may have one or more causes, including intrauterine infection (TORCH), rh-isoimmunisation, or chorioangioma of the placenta. In a multiple gestation pregnancy, the cause of polyhydramnios usually is twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Maternal causes include cardiac problems, kidney problems, and maternal diabetes mellitus, which causes fetal hyperglycemia and resulting polyuria (fetal urine is a major source of amniotic fluid).
A recent study distinguishes between mild and severe polyhydramnios and showed that Apgar score of less than 7, perinatal death and structural malformations only occurred in women with severe polyhydramnios.[6] In another study, all patients with polyhydramnios, that had a sonographically normal fetus, showed no chromosomal anomalies.[4]
Few cases are associated with fetal anomalies that impair the ability of the fetus to swallow (the fetus normally swallows the amniotic fluid), but these anomalies include:
- gastrointestinal abnormalities such as esophageal atresia, duodenal atresia, facial cleft, neck masses, tracheoesophageal fistula, and diaphragmatic hernias. An annular pancreas causing obstruction may also be the cause.
- Bochdalek's hernia, in which the pleuro-peritoneal membranes (especially the left) will fail to develop & seal the pericardio- peritoneal canals. This results in the stomach protrusion up into the thoracic cavity, and the fetus is unable to swallow sufficient amounts of amniotic fluid.
- fetal renal disorders that results in increased urine production during pregnancy, such as in antenatal Bartter syndrome.[7] Molecular diagnosis is available for these conditions.[8]
- neurological abnormalities such as anencephaly, which impair the swallowing reflex
- chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome and Edwards syndrome (which is itself often associated with GI abnormalities)
- Skeletal dysplasia, or dwarfism. There is a possibility of the chest cavity not being large enough to house all of the baby's organs causing the trachea and esophagus to be restricted, not allowing the baby to swallow the appropriate amount of amniotic fluid.
Diagnosis
There are several pathologic conditions that can predispose a pregnancy to polyhydramnios. These include a maternal history of diabetes mellitus, Rh incompatibility between the fetus and mother, intrauterine infection, and multiple pregnancies.
During the pregnancy, certain clinical signs may suggest polyhydramnios. In the mother, the physician may observe increased abdominal size out of proportion for her weight gain and gestation age, uterine size that outpaces gestational age, shiny skin with stria (seen mostly in severe polyhydramnios), dyspnea, and chest heaviness. When examining the fetus, faint fetal heart sounds are also an important clinical sign of this condition.
Associated conditions
Fetuses with polyhydramnios are at risk for a number of other problems including cord prolapse, placental abruption, premature birth and perinatal death. At delivery the baby should be checked for congenital abnormalities.
Treatment
- Mild asymptomatic polyhydramnios is managed expectantly. For a woman with symptomatic polyhydramnios may need hospital admission. Antacids may be prescribed to relieve heartburn and nausea.
- No data support dietary restriction of salt and fluid.[citation needed]
- In some cases, amnioreduction, also known as therapeutic amniocentesis, has been used in response to polyhydramnios.[9]
See also
References
- ^ Alexander, ES, Spitz, HB, Clark, RA. Sonography of polyhydramnios. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1982; 138:343
- ^ Hill LM; Breckle R; Thomas ML; Fries JK, Polyhydramnios: ultrasonically detected prevalence and neonatal outcome, Obstet Gynecol 1987 Jan;69(1):21-5, PMID 3540761
- ^ Hobbins JC; Grannum PA; Berkowitz RL; Silverman R; Mahoney MJ,Ultrasound in the diagnosis of congenital anomalies.,Obstet Gynecol 1979 Jun 1;134(3):331-45., PMID 453266
- ^ a b Y Barnhard; I Bar-Hava; MY Divon, Is polyhydramnios in an ultrasonographically normal fetus an indication for genetic evaluation?, Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Nov;173(5):1523-7.
- ^ Brady K, Polzin WJ, Kopelman JN, Read JA. Risk of chromosomal abnormalities in patients with idiopathic polyhydramnios. Obstet Gynecol 1992;79:234-8.
- ^ Bundgaard A, Andersen BR, Rode L, Lebech M, Tabor A, Prevalence of polyhydramnios at a Danish hospital--a population-based study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007 ; 86(12): 1427-31.
- ^ Seyberth HW. (2008). "An improved terminology and classification of Bartter-like syndromes.". Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 4 (10): 560–7. doi:10.1038/ncpneph0912. PMID 18695706.
- ^ "Hereditary disease: Bartter syndrome". Moldiag.de. Retrieved 2012-09-28.
- ^ Piantelli G, Bedocchi L, Cavicchioni O et al. (2004). "Amnioreduction for treatment of severe polyhydramnios". Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis. 75. Suppl 1: 56–8. PMID 15301292.
External links
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Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O, 630–679)
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| Pregnancy |
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Pregnancy with
abortive outcome
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- Ectopic pregnancy
- Abdominal pregnancy
- Cervical pregnancy
- Interstitial pregnancy
- Ovarian pregnancy
- Molar pregnancy
- Miscarriage
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Oedema, proteinuria and
hypertensive disorders
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- Gestational hypertension
- Pre-eclampsia
- Eclampsia
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Other, predominantly
related to pregnancy
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Digestive system
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- Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
- Gestational diabetes
- Hepatitis E
- Hyperemesis gravidarum
- Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
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Integumentary system /
dermatoses of pregnancy
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- Gestational pemphigoid
- Impetigo herpetiformis
- Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
- Linea nigra
- Prurigo gestationis
- Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
- Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
- Striae gravidarum
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Nervous system
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Blood
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- Gestational thrombocytopenia
- Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
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Maternal care related to the
fetus and amniotic cavity
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- amniotic fluid
- Oligohydramnios
- Polyhydramnios
- Braxton Hicks contractions
- chorion / amnion
- Amniotic band syndrome
- Chorioamnionitis
- Chorionic hematoma
- Monoamniotic twins
- Premature rupture of membranes
- Obstetrical hemorrhage
- placenta
- Circumvallate placenta
- Monochorionic twins
- Placenta praevia
- Placental abruption
- Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
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| Labor |
- Amniotic fluid embolism
- Cephalopelvic disproportion
- Dystocia
- Fetal distress
- Locked twins
- Obstetrical hemorrhage
- placenta
- Preterm birth
- Postmature birth
- Umbilical cord prolapse
- Uterine rupture
- Vasa praevia
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| Puerperal |
- Breastfeeding difficulties
- Agalactia
- Fissure of the nipple
- Galactorrhea
- Breast engorgement
- Diastasis symphysis pubis
- Peripartum cardiomyopathy
- Postpartum depression
- Postpartum thyroiditis
- Puerperal fever
- Puerperal mastitis
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| Other |
- Concomitant conditions
- Diabetes mellitus
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Thyroid disorders
- Maternal death
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Index of obstetrics
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| Description |
- Pregnancy
- Development
- Anatomy
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| Disease |
- Pregnancy and childbirth
- Placenta and neonate
- Infections
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- oxytocins
- labor repressants
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