WordNet

(chemistry) a substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together (not in fixed proportions and not with chemical bonding)
natural bases containing nitrogen found in plants
a poisonous crystalline alkaloid extracted from the nightshade family; used as an antispasmodic and to dilate the eye pupil; also administered in large amounts as an antidote for organophosphate nerve agents or organophosphate insecticides
an addictive narcotic extracted from seed capsules of the opium poppy

PrepTutorEJDIC

《語・句・節を対等に結んで》…『と』…,…や…,および / 《数詞を結合して》…『足す』…,…に加えて / …『しかも』…,…して,同時に… / 《時間的に》『そして』,それから,すると(and then) / 《当然の帰結として》…『ので』,…だから(and so) / 《おもに話》《命令文などの後で》『そうすれば』,そうしたら / 《追加・強調して》それに,しかも / 《対照的な内容を導いて》ところが,しかし(but) / 《譲歩的に》それなのに,それでいながら / 《A and Bで一体の関係を表して》《単数扱い》 / 《同一語を反復して多数・継続などを表して》 / 《同一の複数名詞を結合して変化・種類などを表して》 / 《話》《「形容詞+and+形容詞」の形で前の形容詞が後に副詞的に働く》 / 《話》《「動詞come, goなど+and+動詞」の形でandとその後の動詞が不定詞の働きをして》 / 《「動詞+and+動詞」の形で後の動詞が現在分詞の意を表して》 / 《話》《文頭において前の質問・意見などに同意を示して》そうとも,そして(Yes!and) / 《話》《文頭に置いて驚き・疑念・非難などを表して》ほんとうに;…なのに
〈U〉(…を)『混ぜ合わせること』,(…の)茶合《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉『混合した物』,混合薬
アルカロイド(植物に含まれる窒素を含む塩基性物質)
アヘン(阿片)ケシの種子から製造;催眠剤・鎮痛剤として使われる)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 化学療法剤の腸管毒性 enterotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents
2. カルチノイド症候群の治療 treatment of the carcinoid syndrome
3. 婦人科悪性腫瘍に対する放射線療法の使用に伴う治療関連毒性 treatment related toxicity from the use of radiation therapy for gynecologic malignancies
4. Amblyopia in children: Management and outcome
5. 小児蘇生法における第一選択剤 primary drugs in pediatric resuscitation

English Journal

Isobolographic analysis of multimodal analgesia in an animal model of visceral acute pain.

Miranda HF, Prieto JC, Puig MM, Pinardi G.SourcePharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Clasificador 70.000, Santiago 7, Chile.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior.Pharmacol Biochem Behav.2008 Feb;88(4):481-6. Epub 2007 Oct 22.
Multiple analgesic-drug combinations are commonly used in the management of acute and chronic pain in humans during multimodal or balanced analgesia. At present, these combinations are used empirically in clinical practice and are considered to be beneficial for the patient. Interactions between two
PMID 18023854

[History of opium poppy and morphine].

Norn S, Kruse PR, Kruse E.AbstractOpium has been known for millennia to relieve pain and its use for surgical analgesia has been recorded for several centuries. The Sumerian clay tablet (about 2100 BC) is considered to be the world's oldest recorded list of medical prescriptions. It is believed by some scholars that the opium poppy is referred to on the tablet. Some objects from the ancient Greek Minoan culture may also suggest the knowledge of the poppy. A goddess from about 1500 BC shows her hair adorned probably with poppy-capsules and her closed eyes disclose sedation. Also juglets probably imitating the poppy-capsules were found in that period in both Cyprus and Egypt. The first authentic reference to the milky juice of the poppy we find by Theophrastus at the beginning of the third century BC. In the first century the opium poppy and opium was known by Dioscorides, Pliny and Celsus and later on by Galen. Celsus suggests the use of opium before surgery and Dioscorides recommended patients should take mandrake (contains scopolamine and atropine) mixed with wine, before limb amputation. The Arabic physicians used opium very extensively and about 1000 AD it was recommended by Avicenna especially in diarrhoea and diseases of the eye. Polypharmacy, including a mixture of nonsensical medications were often used. Fortunately for both patients and physicians many of the preparations contained opium. The goal was a panacea for all diseases. A famous and expensive panacea was theriaca containing up to sixty drugs including opium. Simplified preparations of opium such as tinctura opii were used up to about 2000 in Denmark. In the early 1800s sciences developed and Sertürner isolated morphine from opium and was the founder of alkaloid research. A more safe and standardized effect was obtained by the pure opium. Several morphine-like drugs have been synthesized to minimize adverse effects and abuse potential. Opioid receptors were identified and characterized in binding assays and their localization examined. However, the complexity of the system including interaction with several neurons and transmitters indicate the goal of nonaddictive opiates to be elusive. Combination therapy, innovative delivery systems and long-acting formulations may improve clinical utility.
Dansk medicinhistorisk årbog.Dan Medicinhist Arbog.2005;33:171-84.
Opium has been known for millennia to relieve pain and its use for surgical analgesia has been recorded for several centuries. The Sumerian clay tablet (about 2100 BC) is considered to be the world's oldest recorded list of medical prescriptions. It is believed by some scholars that the opium poppy
PMID 17152761

Cardiopulmonary effects of three prolonged periods of isoflurane anesthesia in an adult elephant.

Dunlop CI, Hodgson DS, Cambre RC, Kenny DE, Martin HD.SourceDepartment of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.J Am Vet Med Assoc.1994 Nov 15;205(10):1439-44.
An adult 3,500-kg female African elephant was anesthetized 3 times for treatment of subcutaneous fistulas over the lateral aspect of each cubitus (anesthesia 1 and 2) and for repair of a fractured tusk (anesthesia 3). Lateral recumbency and anesthesia were achieved with etorphine (anesthesia 1 and 2
PMID 7698927