WordNet

be worthy of or have a certain rating; "This bond rates highly"
amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis; "a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5" (同)charge per unit
a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit; "they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour"; "the rate of change was faster than expected"
a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure; "the literacy rate"; "the retention rate"; "the dropout rate"
assign a rank or rating to; "how would you rank these students?"; "The restaurant is rated highly in the food guide" (同)rank, range, order, grade, place
estimate the value of; "How would you rate his chances to become President?"; "Gold was rated highly among the Romans" (同)value
give (hair) the appearance of being fuller by using a rat
a pad (usually made of hair) worn as part of a womans coiffure
any of various long-tailed rodents similar to but larger than a mouse
catch rats, especially with dogs
desert ones party or group of friends, for example, for ones personal advantage
employ scabs or strike breakers in
the quality or state of being mortal
standing or position on a scale
a local tax on property (usually used in the plural)

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉『割合』,『率』 / 〈C〉《the~,a~》『速度』(speed),進度 / 〈C〉『値段』,『相場』;料金 / 〈U〉等級(class),(…)等 / 《複数形ぃ》《英》地方税 / (…の金額に)…‘の'『値段を決める』,見積もる《+『名』+『at』+『名』》 / …‘を'『評価する』,みなす / 《米話》…‘に'値する,‘の'価値がある / 『評価される』;みなされる
…‘を'どなりつける
『ネズミ』 / ひきょう者,裏切り者 / ネズミをつかまえる / 《話》(人を)裏切る,密告する《+『on』+『名』〈人〉》
〈U〉死を免れぬこと,死ぬべき運命 / 〈U〉《時にa~》死亡数;死亡率 / 〈U〉《時にa~》(戦争などによる)多数の死
〈C〉〈U〉（品質・技量などによる）格づけ,評価 / 〈C〉（個人・会社の経済的な）信用度 / 〈C〉(トン・馬力による)(船舶・車)の等級 / 〈C〉(テレビ・ラジオの)視聴率

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/19 18:24:30」(JST)

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Crude death rate by country.

Mortality rate is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time. Mortality rate is typically expressed in units of deaths per 1000 individuals per year; thus, a mortality rate of 9.5 (out of 1000) in a population of 1,000 would mean 9.5 deaths per year in that entire population, or 0.95% out of the total. It is distinct from morbidity rate, which refers to the number of individuals in poor health during a given time period (the prevalence rate) or the number of newly appearing cases of the disease per unit of time (incidence rate). The term "mortality" is also sometimes inappropriately used to refer to the number of deaths among a set of diagnosed hospital cases for a disease or injury, rather than for the general population of a country or ethnic group. This disease mortality statistic is more precisely referred to as "case fatality rate" (CFR).

One distinguishes:

The crude death rate, the total number of deaths per year per 1000 people. As of July 2009^[update] the crude death rate for the whole world is about 8.37 per 1000 per year according to the current CIA World Factbook.^[1]
The perinatal mortality rate, the sum of neonatal deaths and fetal deaths (stillbirths) per 1000 births.
The maternal mortality ratio, the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in same time period.
The maternal mortality rate, the number of maternal deaths per 1,000 women of reproductive age in the population (generally defined as 15–44 years of age) .
The infant mortality rate, the number of deaths of children less than 1 year old per 1000 live births.
The child mortality rate, the number of deaths of children less than 5 years old per 1000 live births.
The standardised mortality ratio (SMR)- This represents a proportional comparison to the numbers of deaths that would have been expected if the population had been of a standard composition in terms of age, gender, etc.^[2]
The age-specific mortality rate (ASMR) - This refers to the total number of deaths per year per 1000 people of a given age (e.g. age 62 last birthday).

In regard to the success or failure of medical treatment or procedures, one would also distinguish:

The early mortality rate, the total number of deaths in the early stages of an ongoing treatment, or in the period immediately following an acute treatment.
The late mortality rate, the total number of deaths in the late stages of an ongoing treatment, or a significant length of time after an acute treatment.

Note that the crude death rate as defined above and applied to a whole population can give a misleading impression. The crude death rate depends on the age (and gender) specific mortality rates and the age (and gender) distribution of the population. The number of deaths per 1000 people can be higher for developed nations than in less-developed countries, despite life expectancy being higher in developed countries due to standards of health being better. This happens because developed countries typically have a completely different population age distribution, with a much higher proportion of older people, due to both lower recent birth rates and lower mortality rates. A more complete picture of mortality is given by a life table which shows the mortality rate separately for each age. A life table is necessary to give a good estimate of life expectancy.

Statistics

World historical and predicted crude death rates (1950–2050)
UN, medium variant, 2008 rev.^[3]
Years	CDR	Years	CDR
1950–1955	19.5	2000–2005	8.6
1955–1960	17.3	2005–2010	8.5
1960–1965	15.5	2010–2015	8.3
1965–1970	13.2	2015–2020	8.3
1970–1975	11.4	2020–2025	8.3
1975–1980	10.7	2025–2030	8.5
1980–1985	10.3	2030–2035	8.8
1985–1990	9.7	2035–2040	9.2
1990–1995	9.4	2040–2045	9.6
1995–2000	8.9	2045–2050	10

The ten countries with the highest crude death rate, according to the 2012 CIA World Factbook estimates, are:^[4]

Rank	Country	Death rate (annual deaths/1000 persons)
1	South Africa	17.23
2	Russia	16.03
3	Ukraine	15.76
4	Lesotho	15.18
5	Chad	15.16
6	Guinea-Bissau	15.01
7	Central African Republic	14.71
8	Afghanistan	14.59
9	Somalia	14.55
10	Bulgaria	14.32

See list of countries by death rate for worldwide statistics.

According to the World Health Organization, the 10 leading causes of death in 2002 were:

12.6% Ischaemic heart disease
9.7% Cerebrovascular disease
6.8% Lower respiratory infections
4.9% HIV/AIDS
4.8% Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
3.2% Diarrhoeal diseases
2.7% Tuberculosis
2.2% Trachea/bronchus/lung cancers
2.2% Malaria
2.1% Road traffic accidents

Causes of death vary greatly between first and third world countries. See list of causes of death by rate for worldwide statistics.

Scatter plot of the natural logarithm of the crude death rate against the natural log of per capita real GDP. The slope of the trend line is the elasticity of the crude death rate with respect to per capita real income. It indicates that a 10% increase in per capita real income is associated with a 1.5% decrease in the crude death rate. Source: World Development Indicators.

According to Jean Ziegler (the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food for 2000 to March 2008), mortality due to malnutrition accounted for 58% of the total mortality in 2006: "In the world, approximately 62 millions people, all causes of death combined, die each year. In 2006, more than 36 millions died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients".^[5]

Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds—100,000 per day—die of age-related causes.^[6] In industrialized nations, the proportion is much higher, reaching 90%.^[6]

Use in Health Care

Early recording of mortality rate in European cities proved highly useful in controlling the plague and other major epidemics.^[7] Public health in industrialized countries was transformed when mortality rate as a function of age, sex and socioeconomic status emerged in the late 19th and 20th centuries.^[8]^[9] This track record has led to the argument that inexpensive recording of vital statistics in developing countries may become the most effective means to improve global health.^[10] Gathering official morality statistics can be very difficult in developing countries, where many individuals lack the ability or knowledge to report incidences of death to National Vital Statistics Registries. This can lead to distortion in mortality statistics and a wrongful assessment of overall health. Studies conducted in northeastern Brazil, where underreporting of infant mortality is of huge concern, have shown that alternative methods of data collection, including the use of “popular Death Reporters” (Members of the community who are active in traditional death rituals of the child and the family grieving process), have been very successful in providing valid, qualitative mortality statistics, effectively reducing underreporting.^[11]

References

^ CIA World Factbook -- Rank Order - Death rate Search for "World".
^ Everitt, B.S. The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics, CUP. ISBN 0-521-81099-X
^ UNdata: Crude death rate (per 1,000 population)
^ CIA World Factbook - Death Rate
^ Jean Ziegler, L'Empire de la honte, Fayard, 2007 ISBN 978-2-253-12115-2, p.130.
^ ^a ^b Aubrey D.N.J, de Grey (2007). "Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations" (PDF). Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology 1 (1, Article 5). doi:10.2202/1941-6008.1011. http://www.sens.org/files/pdf/ENHANCE-PP.pdf. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
^ Greenwood M. Medical Statistics from Graunt to Farr. The Fitzpatrick Lectures for the Years 1941 to1943. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1948.
^ Jha P. Avoidable mortality in India: past progress and future prospects. Natl Med J India. 2002;15 Suppl 1:32-6.
^ Jha P. Reliable mortality data: a powerful tool for public health. Natl Med J India. 2001;14:129-31. PMid:11467137
^ Jha, Prabhat (2012). "Counting the dead is one of the world’s best investments to reduce premature mortality". Hypothesis 10 (1). doi:10.5779/hypothesis.v10i1.254. http://www.hypothesisjournal.com/?p=1301.
^ http://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/stable/pdfplus/648673.pdf?acceptTC=true

Other Sources

Crude death rate (per 1,000 population) based on World Population Prospects The 2008 Revision, United Nations. Retrieved 22 June 2010
Rank Order - Death rate in CIA World Factbook
Mortality in The Medical Dictionary, Medterms. Retrieved 22 June 2010
"WISQARS Leading Causes of Death Reports, 1999 - 2007", US Centers for Disease Control Retrieved 22 June 2010
Edmond Halley, An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind (1693)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Birth and death rates

DeathRiskRankings: Calculates risk of dying in the next year using MicroMorts and displays risk rankings for up to 66 causes of death
Data regarding death rates by age and cause in the United States (from Data360)
Complex Emergency Database (CE-DAT): Mortality data from conflict-affected populations
Human Mortality Database: Historic mortality data from developed nations
Google - public data: Mortality in the U.S.

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「疾患と死亡に関わる疫学指標」「死亡率」「lethality」「death rate」
拡張検索	「high mortality rate」
関連記事	「rate」「rat」「mortality」

「疾患と死亡に関わる疫学指標」

　　[★]

		定義	特徴	式
罹患率	incidence rate	単位人口(暴露人口、危険人口)に対する一定期間内に新たに疾病異常者となった者の割合	動的	一定の観察期間内に新規発生した患者数 [人] / 危険暴露人口一人一人の観察期間の総和 [人年]
有病率	prevalence rate	単位人口に対する一時点における疾病異常者の割合	静的	集団のある一時点における疾病を有する者の数[人] / 集団の調査対象全員の数[人]
死亡率	mortality rate	単位人口に対する一定期間内における死亡数の割合		集団のある一定期間内における死亡者数[人] / 集団の調査対象全員の数[人]
致命率	case fatality rate	一定期間内において、対象とする疾患にかかった者がその疾患で死亡する者の割合	急性疾患の重篤度を表す。	死亡率 / 罹患率
生存率	survival rate	対象とする疾患に罹患しているのものが、一定期間中に死亡から免れる確率	慢性疾患の予後判定に用いられる。	(1-死亡率)の積和