WordNet

combine (electronic signals); "mixing sounds"
add as an additional element or part; "mix water into the drink" (同)mix in
the act of mixing together; "paste made by a mix of flour and water"; "the mixing of sound channels in the recording studio" (同)commixture, admixture, mixture, intermixture, mixing
an event that combines things in a mixture; "a gradual mixture of cultures" (同)mixture
a commercially prepared mixture of dry ingredients (同)premix
to bring or combine together or with something else; "resourcefully he mingled music and dance" (同)mingle, commix, unify, amalgamate
(mechanics) the equal and opposite force that is produced when any force is applied to a body; "every action has an equal and opposite reaction"
a response that reveals a persons feelings or attitude; "he was pleased by the audiences reaction to his performance"; "John feared his mothers reaction when she saw the broken lamp"
a bodily process occurring due to the effect of some antecedent stimulus or agent; "a bad reaction to the medicine"; "his responses have slowed with age" (同)response
doing something in opposition to another way of doing it that you dont like; "his style of painting was a reaction against cubism"
an idea evoked by some experience; "his reaction to the news was to start planning what to do"
extreme conservatism in political or social matters; "the forces of reaction carried the election"
an agranulocytic leukocyte that normally makes up a quarter of the white blood cell count but increases in the presence of infection (同)lymph cell

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈複数のもの〉‘を'『混ぜ合わせる』,混合する,混同する / …‘を'混ぜ合わせて作る,調合して作る / …‘を'寄せ集める,まとめる / 〈物が〉(…と)混ざる,混合する《+『with』+『名』》 / 〈人が〉(他の人と)交わる,交際する《+『with』+『名』》 / 〈C〉〈U〉混合 / 〈C〉混合物(食品,薬) / 〈C〉〈U〉(水・火を加えて即席にでき上がる)素(もと),ミックス
{名}(…に対する)『反応』《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…に対する)(政治的・社会的な)『反動』,逆コース《+『against』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉化学反応,化学変化 / 〈U〉〈C〉(物理学で)反作用
(異なった成分(要素)のものが)混ざった,混合の,混成の / 男女混合の / 人種(宗教・国籍など)が違う人々の(から成る)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/17 19:34:44」(JST)

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Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR); Synonyms also mixed leukocyte reaction and mixed leukocyte culture (MLC)

History & Background

The mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) is an ex vivo cellular immune assay that occurs between two allogeneic lymphocyte populations (same species but genetically distinct).^[1] It was first recognized when researchers mixed leukocytes from two unrelated donors in culture.^[2]^[3] After several days, lymphocytes underwent blast transformation, DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation in response to the major histocompatibility antigen (MHC Class I and II) differences between the two cell populations designated as Responder and Stimulator cells. Responder cells proliferated without previous exposure to Stimulator MHC antigens. This response became quantifiable when incorporating radioactivity, [3H] thymidine or 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU), into the mixed cell suspension. This cellular response to the histocompatibility antigens that occurs in the MLR is also involved in cell-mediated immune responses within an individual and offered an in vitro correlate of cellular immune function.^[4]^[5] Standard MLR assays were performed in humans and most other animal species.

The leukocyte subpopulations involved in the MLR were first characterized by using cells from neonatally thymectomized and bursectomized chickens. No MLR occurred when the Responder cells came from thymectomized animals, whereas bursectomized chicken leukocytes reacted in culture demonstrating that T-cells were the major cell type in Responder cell populations.^[6]

Originally, this assay was used to study possible donor — recipient incompatibilities for graft transplants to help predict better outcomes.^[7] However, the standard for graft matching now depends on a series of HLA-matching done with molecular typing methods.^[8]

Principle

The assay set-up consists of purifying Responder lymphocytes from peripheral blood, thymus, lymph nodes or spleen and co-culturing with Stimulator cells. Stimulator cell populations that also contain T-cells (Two way mixed lymphocyte reaction) will replicate in the presence of the Responder cells, therefore for a One way mixed lymphocyte reaction, stimulator cells are prevented from replicating by irradiation or treatment with mitomycin C, a DNA crosslinker to prevent cell replication. Maximum measurable cellular proliferation occurs around 5–7 days.

Applications

For research purposes, the MLR cell-based assay continues to provide an in vitro correlate of T cell function. Further characterization of the lymphocytes, accessory cells (dendritic cells, macrophage) and cytokines that participate in the MLR have been done as this assay continues to be used to define mechanisms for understanding cellular immune function in vitro.^[9]

References

^ 1. Meo, T.: The MLR test in the mouse. 1979. In Immunological Methods, Academic Press, Inc., New York, NY.
^ 2. Bain, B., Vas, M. and L. Lowenstein. 1963. A reaction between leukocytes in mixed peripheral blood cultures. Fed. Proc. 22:4281.
^ 3. Bach, F.H. and K. Hirschhorn. 1964. Lymphocyte interaction: A potential histocompatibility test in vitro. Science 143:813.
^ 4. Benacerraf, B. and H.O. McDevitt. 1972. Histocompatibility linked immune response genes. Science (Wash D.C.) 175: 273.
^ 5. Katz, D.H. and B. Benacerraf, editor. 1976. The Role of Products of the Histocompatibility Gene Complex in Immune Responses. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
^ 6. Alm, G.V. and R.D. Peterson: Effect of thymectomy and bursectomy and the in vitro response of chick spleen cells to PHA sheep erythrocytes and allogeneic cells. Fed. Proc. 29:430, 1970.
^ 7. Bach, F.H. 1970. Transplantation: pairing of donor and recipient. Science 168; 1170.
^ 8. Olerup, O and H. Zetterquist. 1992. HLA-DR typing by PCR amplification with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) in 2 hours: An alternative to serological DR typing in clinical practice including donor-recipient matching in cadaveric transplantation. Tissue Antigens. 39:225.
^ 9. Lindemann M. 2014. Ex vivo assessment of cellular immune function – applications in patient care and clinical studies. Tissue Antigens 84:439

UpToDate Contents

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1. 古典型ホジキンリンパ腫の疫学、病理学的特徴、および診断 epidemiology pathologic features and diagnosis of classical hodgkin lymphoma
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3. 感染症を繰り返す小児に対するアプローチ approach to the child with recurrent infections
4. リンパ球増加症またはリンパ球減少症を有する成人に対するアプローチ approach to the adult with lymphocytosis or lymphocytopenia
5. 大顆粒T細胞リンパ球性白血病の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 clinical manifestations pathologic features and diagnosis of t cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia

English Journal

Full-length HLA-DPB1 diversity in multiple alleles of individuals from Caucasian, Black, or Oriental origin.

Lauterbach N, Voorter CE, Stallinga CM, Groeneweg M, Wieten L, Tilanus MG.SourceDepartment of Transplantation Immunology, Tissue Typing Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands.
Tissue antigens.Tissue Antigens.2012 Mar;79(3):165-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2011.01834.x. Epub 2012 Jan 9.
Despite DP antigens have been shown to be stimulators of the mixed lymphocyte reaction, human leukocyte antigen-DPB1 is not considered in the matching criteria for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The role of DPB1 matching in HSCT remains inconclusive because of contradictory findings
PMID 22224408

Functional reconstitution of defective myeloid dendritic cells in chronic hepatitis C infection on successful antiviral treatment.

Rana D, Chawla YK, Duseja A, Dhiman R, Arora SK.SourceDepartment of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver.Liver Int.2012 Feb 6. doi: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02754.x. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVE: Poor cellular trafficking and suboptimal T-cell responses in liver, the hall marks of chronic hepatitis C virus (CHC) infection, might be attributed to defective antigen presentation. Controversy exists regarding role of myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) in CHC and response to antiviral treat
PMID 22309109

In vitro studies on immunotoxic potential of Orange II in splenocytes.

Yadav A, Kumar A, Dwivedi PD, Tripathi A, Das M.SourceFood, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box No. 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India.
Toxicology letters.Toxicol Lett.2012 Feb 5;208(3):239-45. Epub 2011 Nov 25.
Orange II, an azo dye, is not permitted in food preparations, but high levels of the dye have been detected in different food commodities. Though there are reports on the toxicity of Orange II but knowledge based on the immunomodulatory properties of Orange II is scanty. The present investigation wa
PMID 22138556

Japanese Journal

Anaplastic Atypical Myeloma with Extensive Cutaneous Involvement in a Dog

FUKUMOTO Shinya,HANAZONO Kiwamu,KAWASAKI Naomi,HORI Yasutomo,HIGUCHI Seiichi,SASAKI Takushi,TEMMA Kyosuke,UCHIDE Tsuyoshi
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science advpub(0), 1108240613, 2011
… A seven-year-old, male, mixed breed dog was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Kitasato University because of anorexia, lameness and multiple cutaneous lesions. … Polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis for the rearranged genes of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor demonstrated that the neoplastic cells found in skin lesions or bone marrow are of B-lymphocyte lineage and share a common original precursor cell. …
NAID 130001032918