WordNet

fasten or secure with chains; "Chain the chairs together"
a unit of length
a necklace made by a stringing objects together; "a string of beads"; "a strand of pearls"; (同)string, strand
a linked or connected series of objects; "a chain of daisies"
a series of (usually metal) rings or links fitted into one another to make a flexible ligament
anything that acts as a restraint
(chemistry) a series of linked atoms (generally in an organic molecule) (同)chemical chain
a series of things depending on each other as if linked together; "the chain of command"; "a complicated concatenation of circumstances" (同)concatenation
(business) a number of similar establishments (stores or restaurants or banks or hotels or theaters) under one ownership
connect or arrange into a chain by linking
(meat) cooked until there is just a little pink meat inside
(biology) a substance in which specimens are preserved or displayed
a liquid with which pigment is mixed by a painter
a state that is intermediate between extremes; a middle position; "a happy medium"
an intervening substance through which something is achieved; "the dissolving medium is called a solvent"
(usually plural) transmissions that are disseminated widely to the public (同)mass medium
someone who serves as an intermediary between the living and the dead; "he consulted several mediums" (同)spiritualist, sensitive
a means or instrumentality for storing or communicating information
an intervening substance through which signals can travel as a means for communication
the surrounding environment; "fish require an aqueous medium"
glyceride occurring naturally in animal and vegetable tissues; it consists of three individual fatty acids bound together in a single large molecule; an important energy source forming much of the fat stored by the body
British biochemist (born in Germany) who isolated and purified penicillin, which had been discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming (1906-1979) (同)Ernst Boris Chain, Sir Ernst Boris Chain
bound with chains; "enchained demons strained in anger to gnaw on his bones"; "prisoners in chains" (同)enchained

PrepTutorEJDIC

『鎖』;(装飾用の)鎖 / 《複数形で》『束縛』,拘束;囚人をつなぐ鎖 / (物事の)『連続』,つながり《+『of』+『名』》 / (商店・銀行・ホテルなどの)チェーン(一連の店が同一資本のもとで連携して経営される方式;その店) / チェーン(測量で用いられる単位;約21.7m) / …'を'『鎖でつなぐ』《+『up』(『together』)+『名,』+『名』+『up』(『together』)》
中間(中程度)にあるもの,中庸(mean) / 媒介物,媒体 / 《複数形mediaで》=mass media / 『手段』,方法(means) / (芸術の)表現手段,手法 / (動植物がそこで生存し機能を発揮する)環境;(細菌の)培地,培養基 / 霊媒者 / 『中間の』,並みの

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/23 13:14:30」(JST)

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Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are triglycerides whose fatty acids have an aliphatic tail of 6–12 carbon atoms.^[1]

The fatty acids found in MCTs are called medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). Like all triglycerides, MCTs are composed of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acids. In the case of MCTs, 2 or 3 of the fatty acid chains attached to glycerol are medium-chain in length.

Rich sources for commercial extraction of beneficial MCTs include palm kernel oil and coconut oil.

List of MCFAs

Lipid number	Name		Salt/Ester Name		Formula		Mass (g/mol)	Appearance	Diagram
Lipid number	Common	Systematic	Common	Systematic	Molecular	Structural	Mass (g/mol)	Appearance	Diagram
C6:0	Caproic acid	Hexanoic acid	Caproate	Hexanoate	C₆H₁₂O₂	CH₃(CH₂)₄COOH	116.16	Oily liquid
C8:0	Caprylic acid	Octanoic acid	Caprylate	Octanoate	C₈H₁₆O₂	CH₃(CH₂)₆COOH	144.21	Oily liquid
C10:0	Capric acid	Decanoic acid	Caprate	Decanoate	C₁₀H₂₀O₂	CH₃(CH₂)₈COOH	172.26	White crystals
C12:0	Lauric acid	Dodecanoic acid	Laurate	Dodecanoate	C₁₂H₂₄O₂	CH₃(CH₂)₁₀COOH	200.32	White powder

Applications

Dietary relevance

The milk fats of humans and guinea pigs are largely made up of long-chain fatty acids. The milk fats of cows, sheep, and goats are rich in short-chain fatty acids. The milk fats of horses contain large amounts of medium-chain fatty acids.^[2]

Some studies have shown that MCTs can help in the process of excess calorie burning, thus weight loss.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] MCTs are also seen as promoting fat oxidation and reduced food intake.^[8] Interest in MCTs has been expressed by endurance athletes and the bodybuilding community.^[9] While health benefits from MCTs seem to occur, a link to improved exercise performance is weak.^[8] A number of studies back the use of MCT oil as a weight loss supplement, but these claims are not without conflict, as about an equal number found inconclusive results.^[10]

Medical relevance

MCTs passively diffuse from the GI tract to the portal system (longer fatty acids are absorbed into the lymphatic system) without requirement for modification like long-chain fatty acids or very-long-chain fatty acids. In addition, MCTs do not require bile salts for digestion. Patients who have malnutrition or malabsorption syndromes are treated with MCTs because they do not require energy for absorption, use, or storage.

Medium-chain triglycerides are generally considered a good biologically inert source of energy that the human body finds reasonably easy to metabolize. They have potentially beneficial attributes in protein metabolism, but may be contraindicated in some situations due to their tendency to induce ketogenesis and metabolic acidosis.^[11]

Due to their ability to be absorbed rapidly by the body, medium-chain triglycerides have found use in the treatment of a variety of malabsorption ailments. MCT supplementation with a low-fat diet has been described as the cornerstone of treatment for primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (Waldmann's disease).^[12] MCTs are an ingredient in some specialised parenteral nutritional emulsions in some countries (not USA).^[13]^[14] Studies have also shown promising results for neurodegenerative disorders (e.g. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases)^[15] and epilepsy through the use of ketogenic dieting.^[16]^[17]

Technical uses

MCTs are bland compared to other fats and do not generate off-notes (dissonant tastes) as quickly as LCTs. They are also more polar than LCTs. Because of these attributes, they are widely used as solvents for flavours and oral medicines and vitamins.^[18]

References

^ Medium Chain Triglyceride Oil Consumption as Part of a Weight Loss Diet Does Not Lead to an Adverse Metabolic Profile When Compared to Olive Oil
^ Breckenridge, W. C.; Kuksis, A. (September 1967). "Molecular weight distributions of milk fat triglycerides from seven species". Journal of Lipid Research 8 (5): 473.
^ M-P. St-Onge, P.J.H. Jones (2003). "Greater rise in fat oxidation with medium-chain triglyceride consumption relative to long-chain triglyceride is associated with lower initial body weight and greater loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue". International Journal of Obesity 27 (12): 1565–1571. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802467. PMID 12975635.
^ B. Martena, M. Pfeuffer, J. Schrezenmeir (2006). "Medium-chain triglycerides". International Dairy Journal 16 (11): 1374–1382. doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2006.06.015.
^ Takeuchi, H; Sekine, S; Kojima, K; Aoyama, T (2008). "The application of medium-chain fatty acids: edible oil with a suppressing effect on body fat accumulation". Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition. 17 Suppl 1: 320–3. PMID 18296368. edit
^ St-Onge, MP; Jones, PJ (2002). "Physiological effects of medium-chain triglycerides: potential agents in the prevention of obesity". The Journal of nutrition 132 (3): 329–32. PMID 11880549. edit
^ Papamandjaris, AA; MacDougall, DE; Jones, PJ (1998). "Medium chain fatty acid metabolism and energy expenditure: obesity treatment implications". Life Sciences 62 (14): 1203–15. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(97)01143-0. PMID 9570335. edit
^ ^a ^b Clegg, M. E. (2010). "Medium-chain triglycerides are advantageous in promoting weight loss although not beneficial to exercise performance". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 61 (7): 653–679. doi:10.3109/09637481003702114. PMID 20367215. edit
^ Talbott, Shawn M. and Kerry Hughes. (2006). The Health Professional's Guide to Dietary Supplements. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 60–63. ISBN 978-0-7817-4672-4.
^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22566308
^ Wanten, GJ; Naber, AH (2004). "Cellular and physiological effects of medium-chain triglycerides". Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry 4 (8): 847–57. doi:10.2174/1389557043403503. PMID 15544546. edit
^ Vignes, S.; Bellanger, J. (Feb 2008). "Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (Waldmann's disease)". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases (Free full text) 3: 5. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-3-5. PMC 2288596. PMID 18294365. edit
^ Waitzberg, D. L.; Torrinhas, R. S.; Jacintho, T. M. (July–August 2006). "New parenteral lipid emulsions for clinical use". Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 30 (4): 351–367. doi:10.1177/0148607106030004351. PMID 16804134. edit
^ Krohn, K.; Koletzko, B. (2006). "Parenteral lipid emulsions in paediatrics". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 9 (3): 319–323. doi:10.1097/01.mco.0000222118.76536.ad. PMID 16607135. edit
^ Stafstrom CE, Rho JM (2012). "The ketogenic diet as a treatment paradigm for diverse neurological disorders". FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY 3: Article 59. doi:10.3389/fphar.2012.00059. PMC 3321471. PMID 22509165.
^ Neal, E. G.; Cross, J. H. (2010). "Efficacy of dietary treatments for epilepsy". Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 23 (2): 113–119. doi:10.1111/j.1365-277X.2010.01043.x. PMID 20487176. edit
^ Liu, Y. M. C. (2008). "Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) ketogenic therapy". Epilepsia 49: 33–36. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01830.x. PMID 19049583. edit
^ Akoh, Casimir C. (2006). Handbook of Functional Lipids. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-8493-2162-X.

UpToDate Contents

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1. ケトン食 the ketogenic diet
2. 吸収不良の治療の概要 overview of the treatment of malabsorption
3. 乳糜胸症のマネージメント management of chylothorax
4. 2歳未満の小児における成長障害（低栄養）：マネージメント failure to thrive undernutrition in children younger than two years management
5. 頭部白癬 tinea capitis

English Journal

Seizure control by derivatives of medium chain Fatty acids associated with the ketogenic diet show novel branching-point structure for enhanced potency.

Chang P1, Zuckermann AM1, Williams S1, Close AJ1, Cano-Jaimez M1, McEvoy JP1, Spencer J1, Walker MC2, Williams RS2.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.J Pharmacol Exp Ther.2015 Jan;352(1):43-52. doi: 10.1124/jpet.114.218768. Epub 2014 Oct 17.
The medium chain triglyceride (MCT) ketogenic diet is a major treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy but is problematic, particularly in adults, because of poor tolerability. Branched derivatives of octanoic acid (OA), a medium chain fat provided in the diet have been suggested as potential new treatm
PMID 25326131

Medium-chain Triglyceride Supplementation Exacerbates Peritonitis-Induced Septic Shock in Rats: Role on Cell Membrane Remodeling.

Boisramé-Helms J1, Said A, Burban M, Delabranche X, Stiel L, Zobairi F, Hasselmann M, Schini-Kerth V, Toti F, Meziani F.
Shock (Augusta, Ga.).Shock.2014 Dec;42(6):548-53. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000255.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Lipid emulsions for parenteral nutrition interfere with immunity and may alter the cell plasma membrane and microparticle release, thus modulating their biological effects. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of two lipid emulsions for parenteral nutrition containing either a mix
PMID 25243422

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of capsaicin-loaded microemulsion for enhanced oral bioavailability.

Zhu Y1, Zhang J, Zheng Q, Wang M, Deng W, Li Q, Firempong CK, Wang S, Tong S, Xu X, Yu J.
Journal of the science of food and agriculture.J Sci Food Agric.2014 Nov 14. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.7002. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Capsaicin, as a food additive, has attracted worldwide concern owing to its pungency and multiple pharmacologic effects. However, poor water solubility and low bioavailability limited its application. This study aims to develop capsaicin-loaded microemulsion to enhance the oral bioavaila
PMID 25400282

Japanese Journal

Increased Norepinephrine by Medium-Chain Triglyceride Attributable to Lipolysis in White and Brown Adipose Tissue of C57BL/6J Mice

LIU Ying-hua,ZHANG Yong,XU Qing [他]
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 76(6), 1213-1218, 2012-06
NAID 40019320159

Triglyceride with Medium-Chain Fatty Acids Increases the Activity and Expression of Hormone-Sensitive Lipase in White Adipose Tissue of C57BL/6J Mice

LIU Yinghua,XUE Changyong,ZHANG Yong,XU Qing,YU Xiaoming,ZHANG Xinsheng,WANG Jin,ZHANG Rongxin,GONG Xue,GUO Changjiang
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 75(10), 1939-1944, 2011-10-23
… We have previously shown that medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) resulted in significantly less body fat mass than long-chain triglyceride (LCT) did in hypertriglyceridimic subjects. …
NAID 10029872785