関: dorsal medial nucleus、dorsomedial nucleus、dorsomedial thalamic nucleus、mediodorsal nucleus、mediodorsal thalamic nucleus

WordNet

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (同)cell_nucleus, karyon
(astronomy) the center of the head of a comet; consists of small solid particles of ice and frozen gas that vaporizes on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail
any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
the positively charged dense center of an atom
dividing an animal into right and left halves (同)median
belonging to or on or near the back or upper surface of an animal or organ or part; "the dorsal fin is the vertical fin on the back of a fish and certain marine mammals"

PrepTutorEJDIC

中心,核 / (生物の)細胞核 / 原子核
中間の,中間に位置する / 平均の,並なみの
(植物の)背部の,背の
mediumの複数形

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/08/21 19:06:58」(JST)

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The medial dorsal nucleus (or dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus) is a large nucleus in the thalamus.

It is believed to play a role in memory.^[1]

Structure

It relays inputs from the amygdala and olfactory cortex and projects to the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system and in turn relays them to the Pre-Frontal Association Cortex. As a result, it plays a crucial role in attention, planning, organization, abstract thinking, multi-tasking, and active memory.

The connections of the medial dorsal nucleus have even been used to delineate the prefrontal cortex of the Göttingen minipig brain.^[2]

By stereology the number of brain cells in the region has been estimated to around 6.43 million neurons in the adult human brain and 36.3 million glial cells, and with the newborn having quite different numbers: around 11.2 million neurons and 10.6 million glial cells.^[3]

Function

Pain processing

While both the ventral and medial dorsal nuclei process pain, the medial dorsal nucleus bypasses primary cortices, sending their axons directly to secondary and association cortices. The cells also send axons directly to many parts of the brain, including nuclei of the limbic system such as the lateral nucleus of the amygdala, the anterior cingulate, and the hippocampus. This part of the sensory system, known as the non-classical or extralemniscal system is less accurate, and less detailed in regards to sensory signal analysis. This processing is known colloquially as "fast and dirty" rather than the "slow and accurate" system of classical or lemniscal system. This pathway activates parts of the brain that evoke emotional responses.

Clinical significance

Damage to the medial dorsal nucleus has been associated with Korsakoff's syndrome.

Additional images

Thalamus
Thalamus

References

^ Li XB, Inoue T, Nakagawa S, Koyama T (May 2004). "Effect of mediodorsal thalamic nucleus lesion on contextual fear conditioning in rats". Brain Res. 1008 (2): 261–72. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.02.038. PMID 15145764.
^ Jacob Jelsing; Anders Hay-Schmidt; Tim Dyrby; Ralf Hemmingsen; Harry B. M. Uylings; Bente Pakkenberg (2006). "The prefrontal cortex in the Göttingen minipig brain defined by neural projection criteria and cytoarchitecture". Brain Research Bulletin. 70 (4–6): 322–336. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.06.009. PMID 17027768.
^ Maja Abitz; Rune Damgaard Nielsen; Edward G. Jones; Henning Laursen; Niels Graem & Bente Pakkenberg (2007). "Excess of Neurons in the Human Newborn Mediodorsal Thalamus Compared with That of the Adult". Cerebral Cortex. 17 (11): 2573–2578. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl163. PMID 17218480.

Aage R. Moller "Pain: Its anatomy, physiology and treatment" 2012

External links

Stained brain slice images which include the "Mediodorsal nucleus" at the BrainMaps project

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Thalamic reticular nucleus in Caiman crocodilus: Relationship with the dorsal thalamus.

Pritz MB1.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2016 May 13;322:430-51. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.061. Epub 2016 Mar 3.
The thalamic reticular nucleus was investigated in one group of crocodilians, Caiman crocodilus. This neuronal aggregate is composed of two parts: a compact portion and a diffuse region made up of scattered cells within the forebrain bundles. In Caiman, both the lateral and medial forebrain bundles
PMID 26946267

Involvement of dorsal striatal α1-containing GABAA receptors in methamphetamine-associated rewarding memories.

Jiao DL1, Liu Y1, Long JD2, Du J1, Ju YY1, Zan GY2, Liu JG3, Zhao M4.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2016 Apr 21;320:230-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.001. Epub 2016 Feb 9.
Rewarding memories induced by addictive drugs may contribute to persistent drug-seeking behaviors, which is an important contributing factor to drug addiction. However, the biological mechanisms underlying drug-associated rewarding memories have not yet been fully understood, especially the new synt
PMID 26868969

Terminations of reticulospinal fibers originating from the gigantocellular reticular formation in the mouse spinal cord.

Liang H1,2, Watson C3, Paxinos G3,4.
Brain structure & function.Brain Struct Funct.2016 Apr;221(3):1623-33. doi: 10.1007/s00429-015-0993-z. Epub 2015 Jan 30.
The present study investigated the projections of the gigantocellular reticular nucleus (Gi) and its neighbors-the dorsal paragigantocellular reticular nucleus (DPGi), the alpha/ventral part of the gigantocellular reticular nucleus (GiA/V), and the lateral paragigantocellular reticular nucleus (LPGi
PMID 25633472

Japanese Journal

Distribution of Fos-immunoreactive cells in rat forebrain and midbrain following social defeat stress and diazepam treatment.

Lkhagvasuren B,Oka T,Nakamura Y,Hayashi H,Sudo N,Nakamura K
Neuroscience 272, 34-57, 2014-07-11
… reduced the stress-induced Fos expression in many brain regions including the prefrontal, sensory and motor cortices, septum, medial amygdaloid nucleus, medial and lateral preoptic areas, parvicellular paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, perifornical nucleus, tuberomammillary nucleus, association, midline and intralaminar thalami, and median and dorsal raphe …
NAID 120005439547

Projections of nucleus accumbens adenosine A2A receptor neurons in the mouse brain and their implications in mediating sleep-wake regulation

Zhang Jian-Ping,Xu Qi,Yuan Xiang-Shan,Cherasse Yoan,Schiffmann Serge N.,de Kerchove d'Exaerde Alban,Qu Wei-Min,Urade Yoshihiro,Lazarus Michael,Huang Zhi-Li,Li Rui-Xi
Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 7, 43, 2013-12
… Adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A) Rs) in the nucleus accumbens (Acb) have been demonstrated to play an important role in the arousal effect of adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine, and may be involved in physiological sleep. … In the forebrain, A(2A) R neurons from all Acb sub-regions jointly projected to the ventral pallidum, the nucleus of the diagonal band, and the substantia innominata. …
NAID 120005367979

Lemon Odor Reduces Stress-induced Neuronal Activation in the Emotion Expression System: An Animal Model Study

, , ,
Kansei Engineering International Journal 11, 115-120, 2012
… The effect was evaluated by measuring expression of c-Fos (an excited neuron marker) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), a key structure of the HPA in the brain. … Detailed analysis of PVN subregions demonstrated that c-Fos-expressing neurons are fewer in Group L than in Group S in the dorsal part of the medial parvocellular subregion. …
NAID 130002148646

「mediodorsal nucleus」

Medial dorsal nucleus
	Thalamic nuclei:; MNG = Midline nuclear group; AN = Anterior nuclear group; MD = Medial dorsal nucleus; VNG = Ventral nuclear group; VA = Ventral anterior nucleus; VL = Ventral lateral nucleus; VPL = Ventral posterolateral nucleus; VPM = Ventral posteromedial nucleus; LNG = Lateral nuclear group; PUL = Pulvinar; MTh = Metathalamus; LG = Lateral geniculate nucleus; MG = Medial geniculate nucleus
	Thalamic nuclei
Details
Identifiers
Latin	nucleus mediodorsalis thalami
MeSH	mediodorsal+thalamic+nucleus
NeuroNames	hier-295
NeuroLex ID	Medial dorsal nucleus
Dorlands; /Elsevier	n_11/12581843
TA	A14.1.08.622
FMA	62156
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata]

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(視床の神経核)背内側核

関: dorsal medial nucleus、dorsomedial nucleus、dorsomedial thalamic nucleus、medial dorsal nucleus、mediodorsal thalamic nucleus

「dorsal medial nucleus」

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背内側核、背側内側核

関: dorsomedial nucleus、dorsomedial thalamic nucleus、medial dorsal nucleus、mediodorsal nucleus、mediodorsal thalamic nucleus

「dorsomedial thalamic nucleus」

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視床背内側核

関: dorsal medial nucleus、dorsomedial nucleus、medial dorsal nucleus、mediodorsal nucleus、mediodorsal thalamic nucleus

「mediodorsal thalamic nucleus」

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