write by means of a keyboard with types; "type the acceptance letter, please" (同)typewrite
a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper; "he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up"
(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
a subdivision of a particular kind of thing; "what type of sculpture do you prefer?"
all of the tokens of the same symbol; "the word `element contains five different types of character"
printed characters; "small type is hard to read"
identify as belonging to a certain type; "Such people can practically be typed" (同)typecast
Mating types are molecular mechanisms that regulate compatibility in sexually reproducing eukaryotes. They occur in isogamous and anisogamous species. Depending on the group, different mating types are often referred to by numbers, letters, or simply "+" and "−" instead of "male" and "female", that refer to "sexes" or differences in size between gametes. Syngamy can only take place between gametes carrying different mating types.
Reproduction regulated by mating types is especially prevalent in fungi. Filamentous ascomycetes usually have two mating types referred to as "MAT1-1" and "MAT1-2", following the yeast mating type locus MAT.[1] Under standard nomenclature, MAT1-1 (which may informally be called MAT1) encodes for a regulatory protein with a high motility-group (HMG) DNA-binding motif, while MAT1-2 (informally called MAT2) encodes for a protein with an alpha box motif, as in the yeast mating type MATα1.[2] The corresponding mating types in yeast, a non-filamentous ascomycete, are referred to as MATa and MATα.
Mating type genes in ascomycetes are called idiomorphs rather than alleles due to the uncertainty of the origin by common descent. The proteins they encode are transcription factors that regulate both the early and late stages of the sexual cycle. Heterothallic ascomycetes produce gametes that present a single Mat idiomorph and syngamy will only be possible between gametes carrying complementary mating types. On the other hand, homothallic ascomycetes produce gametes that can fuse with every other gamete in the population (including its own mitotic descendants) most often because each haploid contains the two alternate forms of the Mat locus in its genome.[3]
Basidiomycetes on the other hand can have thousands of different mating types.[4]
The adaptive function of mating type in the ascomycete Neurospora crassa is discussed in the article Neurospora crassa. That matings in N. crassa are restricted to interaction of strains of opposite mating type may be an adaptation to promote some degree of outcrossing. Outcrossing, through complementation, could provide the benefit of masking recessive deleterious mutations in genes that function in the dikaryon and/or diploid stage of the life cycle.
See also
Mating in fungi
Mating of yeast
Mating-type region
Neurospora crassa
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
References
^Yoder, O.C.; Valent, Barbara; Chumley, Forrest (1986). "Genetic Nomenclature and Practice for Plant Pathogenic Fungi" (PDF). Phytopathology. 76 (4): 383–385. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
^Turgeon, B.G.; Yoder, O.C. (2000). "Proposed Nomenclature for Mating Type Genes of Filamentous Ascomycetes". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 31: 1–5. doi:10.1006/fgbi.2000.1227.
^Giraud, T.; et al. (2008). "Mating system of the anther smut fungus Microbotryum violaceum: Selfing under heterothallism". Eukaryotic Cell. 7: 765–775. doi:10.1128/ec.00440-07. PMC 2394975.
^Casselton LA (2002). "Mate recognition in fungi". Heredity. 88 (2): 142–147. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800035. PMID 11932772.
C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004) ISBN 0-471-52229-5
"From Mating Types to Sexes." In: Bachtrog D, Mank JE, Peichel CL, Kirkpatrick M, Otto SP, et al. (2014) Sex Determination: Why So Many Ways of Doing It? PLoS Biol 12(7): e1001899. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001899
UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
5. 1型糖尿病の病因 pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus
English Journal
Cloning of the A Mating-Type Locus from Lepista nuda and Characterization of Its Genetic Structure.
Rong C1,2, Zhao S1,2, Li D1, Wang L1, Wang S1,2, Ma K1, Xu F3,4, Liu Y5,6.
Current microbiology.Curr Microbiol.2015 Dec;71(6):669-77. doi: 10.1007/s00284-015-0902-y. Epub 2015 Sep 2.
Lepista nuda (Bull. ex Fr.) Cooke (Tricholomataceae) is an edible fungus with both economic and medical value. Identification of its mating-type loci is important for promoting breeding programs in L. nuda. The A mating-type locus of L. nuda and its flanking region were cloned and characterized in t
Maternal diabetes triggers DNA damage and DNA damage response in neurulation stage embryos through oxidative stress.
Dong D1, Yu J1, Wu Y1, Fu N1, Villela NA1, Yang P2.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2015 Nov 13;467(2):407-12. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.137. Epub 2015 Sep 30.
DNA damage and DNA damage response (DDR) in neurulation stage embryos under maternal diabetes conditions are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether maternal diabetes and high glucose in vitro induce DNA damage and DDR in the developing embryo through oxidative str
Male penile propulsion into spiraled spermathecal ducts of female chrysomelid beetles: A numerical simulation approach.
Filippov A1, Kovalev A2, Matsumura Y2, Gorb SN2.
Journal of theoretical biology.J Theor Biol.2015 Nov 7;384:140-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.08.002. Epub 2015 Sep 2.
Genital diversification in animals is an interesting evolutionary phenomenon. Sexual selection is the main driving force behind the diversification. However, evolutionary mechanisms that have established and maintained variations in genitalia shape parameters observed in related species are not well