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性交(sexual intercourse)
性交,交接 / 連結,結合

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/17 19:58:51」(JST)

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Dragonflies mating

In biology, mating is the pairing of opposite-sex or hermaphroditic organisms, usually for the purposes of sexual reproduction. Some definitions limit the term to pairing between animals,^[1] while other definitions extend the term to mating in plants and fungi. Fertilization is the fusion of both sex cell or gamete.^[2] Copulation is the union of the sex organs of two sexually reproducing animals for insemination and subsequent internal fertilization. Mating may also lead to external fertilization, as seen in amphibians, fishes and plants. For the majority of species, mating is between two individuals of opposite sexes. However, for some hermaphroditic species, copulation is not required because the parent organism is capable of self-fertilization (autogamy); for example, banana slugs.

For animals, mating strategies include random mating, disassortative mating, assortative mating, or a mating pool. In some birds, it includes behaviors such as nest-building and feeding offspring. The human practice of mating and artificially inseminating domesticated animals is part of animal husbandry.

Animals

In some terrestrial arthropods, including insects representing basal (primitive) phylogenetic clades, the male deposits spermatozoa on the substrate, sometimes stored within a special structure. Courtship involves inducing the female to take up the sperm package into her genital opening without actual copulation. In groups such as dragonflies and many spiders, males extrude sperm into secondary copulatory structures removed from their genital opening, which are then used to inseminate the female (in dragonflies, it is a set of modified sternites on the second abdominal segment; in spiders, it is the male pedipalps). In advanced groups of insects, the male uses its aedeagus, a structure formed from the terminal segments of the abdomen, to deposit sperm directly (though sometimes in a capsule called a "spermatophore") into the female's reproductive tract.

Other animals reproduce sexually with external fertilization, including many basal vertebrates. Vertebrates (such as reptiles, some fish, and most birds) reproduce with internal fertilization through cloacal copulation (see also hemipenis), while mammals copulate vaginally.

Wolves mating
Lions mating
Snails mating
Mating Tortoises
Bordered Patch (Chlosyne lacinia) butterflies mating on a flower
Hoverflies (Simosyrphus grandicornis) mating in midair
Mating pair of Poplar Hawk-moths (Laothoe populi)
Ladybugs mating

Plants and fungi

Like in animals, mating in other Eukaryotes, such as plants and fungi, denotes sexual conjugation^[clarify]. However, in vascular plants this is mostly achieved without physical contact between mating individuals (see pollination), and in some cases, e.g., in fungi no distinguishable male or female organs exist (see isogamy); however, mating types in some fungal species are somewhat analogous to sexual dimorphism in animals, and determine whether or not two individual isolates can mate. Yeasts are eukaryotic microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with 1,500 species currently described.^[3] In general, under high stress conditions like nutrient starvation, haploid cells will die; under the same conditions, however, diploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae can undergo sporulation, entering sexual reproduction (meiosis) and produce a variety of haploid spores, which can go on to mate (conjugate) and reform the diploid.^[4]

References

^ The Free Dictionary. "Mate". Retrieved May 31, 2013.
^ The Free Dictionary. "'Fertilization' - definition of". Farlex, Inc. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
^ "What are yeasts?". Yeast Virtual Library. 13 September 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
^ Neiman, A.M. (2005). "Ascospore formation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 69 (4): 565–584. doi:10.1128/MMBR.69.4.565-584.2005. PMC 1306807. PMID 16339736.

External links

Media related to Animal sex at Wikimedia Commons

Introduction to Animal Reproduction
Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

English Journal

Descriptions of eight new species of Ligophorus Euzet & Suriano, 1977 (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalidae) from Red Sea mullets.

Dmitrieva EV, Gerasev PI, Gibson DI, Pronkina NV, Galli P.SourceDepartment of Ecological Parasitology, Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 2, Nakhimov Ave., Sevastopol, 99011, Ukraine, evadmitr@optima.com.ua.
Systematic parasitology.Syst Parasitol.2012 Mar;81(3):203-37. Epub 2012 Feb 7.
Eight new species of Ligophorus Euzet & Suriano, 1977 (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalidae) are described from two species of mullets from the Red Sea. Ligophorus bykhowskyi n. sp. and L. zhangi n. sp. from Crenimugil crenilabris (Forsskål) differ from other species of the genus in the structure of the
PMID 22311270

First record of preserved soft parts in a Palaeozoic podocopid (Metacopina) ostracod, Cytherellina submagna: phylogenetic implications.

Olempska E, Horne DJ, Szaniawski H.SourceInstitute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland. olempska@twarda.pan.pl
Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society.Proc Biol Sci.2012 Feb 7;279(1728):564-70. Epub 2011 Jul 6.
The metacopines represent one of the oldest and most important extinct groups of ostracods, with a fossil record from the Mid-Ordovician to the Early Jurassic. Herein, we report the discovery of a representative of the group with three-dimensionally preserved soft parts. The specimen--a male of Cyth
PMID 21733903

Japanese Journal

Copulatory courtship behavior and sine song as a mate recognition cue in Drosophila lini and its sibling species

Wen Shuo-yang,Yamada Hirokazu,Li Yi-feng 他
Zoological science 28(7), 469-475, 2011-07-00
NAID 40018937048

Comparative studies of testicular structure and sperm morphology among copulatory and non-copulatory sculpins (Cottidae : Scorpaeniformes : Teleostei)

KOYA Yasunori,HAYAKAWA Youichi,MARKEVICH Alexander,MUNEHARA Hiroyuki
Ichthyological research 58(2), 109-125, 2011-04-25
NAID 10028250636

Courtship of Drosophila, with a special interest in courtship songs (生物進化研究のモデル生物群としてのショウジョウバエ)

Tomaru Masatoshi,Yamada Hirokazu
低温科学 69, 61-85, 2011-00-00
… In the montium species subgroup of the Drosophila (Sophophora) melanogaster species group, copulatory courtship songs are reported; …
NAID 40018938269