WordNet

the inflection of verbs
a class of verbs having the same inflectional forms
the complete set of inflected forms of a verb
undergo conjugation
unite chemically so that the product is easily broken down into the original compounds
formed by the union of two compounds; "a conjugated protein" (同)conjugated
of an organic compound; containing two or more double bonds each separated from the other by a single bond (同)conjugated
joined together especially in a pair or pairs (同)conjugated, coupled
(of a pinnate leaflet) having only one pair of leaflets
add inflections showing person, number, gender, tense, aspect, etc.; "conjugate the verb"
one of a pair; "he lost the mate to his shoe"; "one eye was blue but its fellow was brown" (同)fellow
South American holly; leaves used in making a drink like tea (同)Paraguay tea, Ilex paraguariensis
the officer below the master on a commercial ship (同)first_mate
informal term for a friend of the same sex
South American tea-like drink made from leaves of a South American holly called mate
the partner of an animal (especially a sexual partner); "he loved the mare and all her mates"; "camels hate leaving their mates"
a crisis situation or point in time when a critical decision must be made; "at that juncture he had no idea what to do"; "he must be made to realize that the company stands at a critical point" (同)critical_point, crossroads
an event that occurs at a critical time; "at such junctures he always had an impulse to leave"; "it was needed only on special occasions" (同)occasion
mating of individuals having traits more dissimilar than likely in random mating

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(動詞の)活用,[語形]変化 / 〈U〉結合,連結 / 〈U〉(単細胞生物の)接合
〈動詞〉'を'活用(変化)させる / 〈動詞が〉活用(変化)する / 〈単細胞生物が〉接合する / (特に対になって)結合した,接合の
(対をなすものの)『片方』《+『to』(『of』)+『名』》 / 『配偶者』[の一方],連れ合い / (動物の)つがいの片方 / 《英》《しばしば複合語を作って》『仲間』,『友達』 / (商船の船長を補佐する各階級の)航海士 / …の助手 / 〈動物〉‘を'つがわせる / 〈二つのもの〉‘を'結ぶ;(…に)…‘を'調和させる《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 〈人・動物が〉(…と)仲間になる,交わる《+『with』+『名』》 / 〈動物が〉交尾する
=checkmate / =checkmate
マテ茶;〈C〉マテ茶の木
〈U〉〈C〉連結,接合,接続 / 〈C〉連結点,接合線,継ぎ目,縫い目 / 〈C〉時点,(特に)重大な時点;危機(crisis) / 〈U〉〈C〉連接,ジャンクチャー(語・句・節・文の発音上の切れ目を示す音声的特徴)
性交(sexual intercourse)
性交,交接 / 連結,結合

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/25 04:45:17」(JST)

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Dragonflies (Austrogomphus guerini) mating

For eukaryotes, the term mating is most often used to describe the pairing of opposite-sex or hermaphrodite organisms, usually for the purposes of reproduction.

The term mating is also applied to related processes in bacteria, archaea and viruses. Mating in these cases involves the pairing of individuals, accompanied by the pairing of their homologous chromosomes and then exchange of genomic information leading to formation of recombinant progeny (see Mating systems).

Animals

In animals, fertilization is the fusion of both sex cell or gamete.^[1] Copulation is the union of the sex organs of two sexually reproducing animals for insemination and subsequent internal fertilization. Mating may also lead to external fertilization, as seen in amphibians, fishes and plants. For the majority of species, mating is between two individuals of opposite sexes. However, for some hermaphroditic species, copulation is not required because the parent organism is capable of self-fertilization (autogamy); for example, banana slugs.

For animals, mating strategies include random mating, disassortative mating, assortative mating, or a mating pool. In some birds, it includes behaviors such as nest-building and feeding offspring. The human practice of mating and artificially inseminating domesticated animals is part of animal husbandry.

In some terrestrial arthropods, including insects representing basal (primitive) phylogenetic clades, the male deposits spermatozoa on the substrate, sometimes stored within a special structure. Courtship involves inducing the female to take up the sperm package into her genital opening without actual copulation. In groups such as dragonflies and many spiders, males extrude sperm into secondary copulatory structures removed from their genital opening, which are then used to inseminate the female (in dragonflies, it is a set of modified sternites on the second abdominal segment; in spiders, it is the male pedipalps). In advanced groups of insects, the male uses its aedeagus, a structure formed from the terminal segments of the abdomen, to deposit sperm directly (though sometimes in a capsule called a "spermatophore") into the female's reproductive tract.

Other animals reproduce sexually with external fertilization, including many basal vertebrates. Vertebrates (such as reptiles, some fish, and most birds) reproduce with internal fertilization through cloacal copulation (see also hemipenis), while mammals copulate vaginally.

monkeys mating
Wolves mating
Lions mating
Hermaphroditic mating snails (Cornu aspersum)
Mating African spurred tortoises (Centrochelys sulcata)
Bordered patch butterflies (Chlosyne lacinia) mating on a flower
Midair mating of Simosyrphus grandicornis, a hoverfly
Mating pair of poplar hawk-moths (Laothoe populi)
Ladybugs mating
Bugs mating (Aphrophora alni)

Plants and fungi

Like in animals, mating in other Eukaryotes, such as plants and fungi, denotes sexual conjugation^[clarify]. However, in vascular plants this is mostly achieved without physical contact between mating individuals (see pollination), and in some cases, e.g., in fungi no distinguishable male or female organs exist (see isogamy); however, mating types in some fungal species are somewhat analogous to sexual dimorphism in animals, and determine whether or not two individual isolates can mate. Yeasts are eukaryotic microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with 1,500 species currently described.^[2] In general, under high stress conditions like nutrient starvation, haploid cells will die; under the same conditions, however, diploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae can undergo sporulation, entering sexual reproduction (meiosis) and produce a variety of haploid spores, which can go on to mate (conjugate) and reform the diploid.^[3]

Protists

Protists are a large group of diverse eukaryotic microorganisms, mainly unicellular animals and plants, that do not form tissues. Eukaryotes emerged in evolution more than 1.5 billion years ago.^[4] The earliest eukaryotes were likely protists. Mating and sexual reproduction are widespread among extant eukaryotes including protists such as Paramecium and Chlamydomonas. In many eukaryotic species, mating is promoted by sex pheromones including the protist Blepharisma japonicum. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, Dacks and Roger^[5] proposed that facultative sex was present in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes.

However, to many biologists it seemed unlikely until recently, that mating and sex could be a primordial and fundamental characteristic of eukaryotes. A principal reason for this view was that mating and sex appeared to be lacking in certain pathogenic protists whose ancestors branched off early from the eukaryotic family tree. However, several of these protists are now known to be capable of, or to recently have had, the capability for meiosis and hence mating. To cite one example, the common intestinal parasite Giardia intestinalis was once considered to be a descendant of a protist lineage that predated the emergence of meiosis and sex. However, G. intestinalis was recently found to have a core set of genes that function in meiosis and that are widely present among sexual eukaryotes.^[6] These results suggested that G. intestinalis is capable of meiosis and thus mating and sexual reproduction. Furthermore, direct evidence for meiotic recombination, indicative of mating and sexual reproduction, was also found in G. intestinalis.^[7]^[7] Other protists for which evidence of mating and sexual reproduction has recently been described are parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania,^[8] Trichomonas vaginalis,^[9] and acanthamoeba.^[10]

Protists generally reproduce asexually under favorable environmental conditions, but tend to reproduce sexually under stressful conditions, such as starvation or heat shock.^[11]

References

^ The Free Dictionary. "'Fertilization' - definition of". Farlex, Inc. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
^ "What are yeasts?". Yeast Virtual Library. 13 September 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
^ Neiman, A.M. (2005). "Ascospore formation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 69 (4): 565–584. doi:10.1128/MMBR.69.4.565-584.2005. PMC 1306807. PMID 16339736.
^ Javaux EJ, Knoll AH, Walter MR (2001). "Morphological and ecological complexity in early eukaryotic ecosystems". Nature 412 (6842): 66–9. doi:10.1038/35083562. PMID 11452306.
^ Dacks J, Roger AJ (1999). "The first sexual lineage and the relevance of facultative sex". J. Mol. Evol. 48 (6): 779–83. PMID 10229582.
^ Ramesh MA, Malik SB, Logsdon JM (2005). "A phylogenomic inventory of meiotic genes; evidence for sex in Giardia and an early eukaryotic origin of meiosis". Curr. Biol. 15 (2): 185–91. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.003. PMID 15668177.
^ ^a ^b Cooper MA, Adam RD, Worobey M, Sterling CR (2007). "Population genetics provides evidence for recombination in Giardia". Curr. Biol. 17 (22): 1984–8. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.020. PMID 17980591.
^ Akopyants NS, Kimblin N, Secundino N, Patrick R, Peters N, Lawyer P, Dobson DE, Beverley SM, Sacks DL (2009). "Demonstration of genetic exchange during cyclical development of Leishmania in the sand fly vector". Science 324 (5924): 265–8. doi:10.1126/science.1169464. PMC 2729066. PMID 19359589.
^ Malik SB, Pightling AW, Stefaniak LM, Schurko AM, Logsdon JM (2008). "An expanded inventory of conserved meiotic genes provides evidence for sex in Trichomonas vaginalis". PLoS ONE 3 (8): e2879. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002879. PMC 2488364. PMID 18663385.
^ Khan NA, Siddiqui R (2015). "Is there evidence of sexual reproduction (meiosis) in Acanthamoeba?". Pathog Glob Health 109 (4): 193–5. doi:10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000009. PMID 25800982.
^ Bernstein H and Bernstein C (2013). Evolutionary Origin and Adaptive Function of Meiosis. In Meiosis: Bernstein C and Bernstein H, editors. ISBN 978-953-51-1197-9, InTech, http://www.intechopen.com/books/meiosis/evolutionary-origin-and-adaptive-function-of-meiosis

External links

Introduction to Animal Reproduction
Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

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