市場、市販する、販売する、発売する

関: commercial、marketing、sale

WordNet

engage in the commercial promotion, sale, or distribution of; "The company is marketing its new line of beauty products"
the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold; "without competition there would be no market"; "they were driven from the marketplace" (同)marketplace, market place
the securities markets in the aggregate; "the market always frustrates the small investor" (同)securities industry
the customers for a particular product or service; "before they publish any book they try to determine the size of the market for it"
buy household supplies; "We go marketing every Saturday"
deal in a market
the state of being purchasable; offered or exhibited for selling; "youll find vitamin C for sale at most pharmacies"; "the new line of cars will soon be on sale"
an occasion (usually brief) for buying at specially reduced prices; "they held a sale to reduce their inventory"; "I got some great bargains at their annual sale" (同)cut-rate sale, sales event
a particular instance of selling; "he has just made his first sale"; "they had to complete the sale before the banks closed"
the general activity of selling; "they tried to boost sales"; "laws limit the sale of handguns"
an agreement (or contract) in which property is transferred from the seller (vendor) to the buyer (vendee) for a fixed price in money (paid or agreed to be paid by the buyer); "the salesman faxed the sales agreement to his home office" (同)sales agreement
of or relating to commercialism; "a commercial attache"; "commercial paper"; "commercial law"
a commercially sponsored ad on radio or television (同)commercial message
of the kind or quality used in commerce; average or inferior; "commercial grade of beef"; "commercial oxalic acid" (同)commercial-grade
connected with or engaged in or sponsored by or used in commerce or commercial enterprises; "commercial trucker"; "commercial TV"; "commercial diamonds"
a large self-service grocery store selling groceries and dairy products and household goods
marketing via a promotion delivered directly to the individual prospective customer
make or leave a mark on; "the scouts marked the trail"; "ash marked the believers foreheads"
formerly the basic unit of money in Germany (同)German mark, Deutsche Mark, Deutschmark
the impression created by doing something unusual or extraordinary that people notice and remember; "it was in London that he made his mark"; "he left an indelible mark on the American theater"
a number or letter indicating quality (especially of a students performance); "she made good marks in algebra"; "grade A milk"; "what was your score on your homework?" (同)grade, score
a visible indication made on a surface; "some previous reader had covered the pages with dozens of marks"; "paw prints were everywhere" (同)print
a symbol of disgrace or infamy; "And the Lord set a mark upon Cain"--Genesis (同)stigma, brand, stain
a written or printed symbol (as for punctuation); "his answer was just a punctuation mark"
designate as if by a mark; "This sign marks the border"
shopping at a market; "does the weekly marketing at the supermarket"
the commercial processes involved in promoting and selling and distributing a product or service; "most companies have a manager in charge of marketing"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(食糧などが取り引きされる)『市場』,市(marketplace) / 〈C〉(食糧品などが売られる)店 / 〈C〉〈U〉(商品が売買できる)『市場』,販路,取引き先 / 〈C〉(日用必需品の)商売,商取引き / 〈〉(物品に対する)需要,要求,売れ口《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈C〉〈U〉『相場』,市況,市価 / 市場で売買する / 〈食糧・物産など〉‘を'市場に出す;(市場で)〈商品〉‘を'売る
〈U〉〈C〉(…の)『販売』,売却,売れ行き,需要《+『of』(『for』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉『特売』,安売り / 《複数形で》販売[の仕事];売り上げ[高]
『商業上の』,通商上の,貿易上の / 営利的な,もうけ主義の;市販用の / 広告放送の / (ラジオ・テレビの)コマーシャル
『スーパーマーケット』(食料品や家庭用品などを売るセルフサービス式の大型小売店)
株式市場;株式売買
労働市場
〈C〉(…の表面についた)『跡』,汚れ,はん点《+『on』+『名』》 / 〈C〉『印』,記号,符号,標章 / 〈C〉《おもに英》(学業などの)『点数』,成績,評価,(…の)得点《+『in』(『for』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉(ある性質の)『徴候』,『特徴』,現れ,様相《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(思想・生活などに及ぼす)『影響』,感化《+『on』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(境界などの)位置を示すもの,指標,目印 / 〈C〉『的』,標的 / 〈C〉《the mark》水準,標準 / 〈U〉《文》著名,重要性;名声 / 〈C〉(軽べつ・もの笑いなどの)対象,的 / 〈U〉《通例M-》武器記号,…型 / 〈C〉スタートライン / (…で)…‘に'『印をつける』,跡をつける《+『名』++『with』+『名』》 / 〈物が〉…‘を'印となっている,‘を'示している / …‘を'印(記号など)で示す / 〈物・事柄などが〉…‘を'『特徴づける』,目立たせる / 〈答案など〉‘に'点(印)をつける / (…の候補に)…‘を'選び出す《+『名』+『out for』+『名』》 / …‘に'注意を払う,柱目する
マルク(ドイツノ貨幣単位;《略》『MK.』)
市場での売買[取引き] / マーケディング(宣伝・販売・技術などを研究する経営学の分野)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/23 01:56:07」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

"market forces" redirects here. For the novel by Richard Morgan, see Market Forces. For other meanings of market, see market (disambiguation).

"world market" redirects here. For the US retailer World Market, see Cost Plus, Inc..

A market is one of the many varieties of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange. While parties may exchange goods and services by barter, most markets rely on sellers offering their goods or services (including labor) in exchange for money from buyers. It can be said that a market is the process by which the prices of goods and services are established.

For a market to be competitive, there must be more than a single buyer or seller. It has been suggested that two people may trade, but it takes at least three persons to have a market, so that there is competition in at least one of its two sides.^[1] However, competitive markets, as understood in formal economic theory, rely on much larger numbers of both buyers and sellers. A market with single seller and multiple buyers is a monopoly. A market with a single buyer and multiple sellers is a monopsony. These are the extremes of imperfect competition.^{[citation needed]}

Markets vary in form, scale (volume and geographic reach), location, and types of participants, as well as the types of goods and services traded. Examples include:

Physical retail markets, such as local farmers' markets (which are usually held in town squares or parking lots on an ongoing or occasional basis), shopping centers, market restaurants, and shopping malls
(Non-physical) internet markets (see electronic commerce)
Ad hoc auction markets
Markets for intermediate goods used in production of other goods and services
Labor markets
International currency and commodity markets
Stock markets, for the exchange of shares in corporations
Artificial markets created by regulation to exchange rights for derivatives that have been designed to ameliorate externalities, such as pollution permits (see carbon trading)
Illegal markets such as the market for illicit drugs, arms or pirated products

In mainstream economics, the concept of a market is any structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services and information. The exchange of goods or services for money is a transaction.^{[citation needed]} Market participants consist of all the buyers and sellers of a good who influence its price. This influence is a major study of economics and has given rise to several theories and models concerning the basic market forces of supply and demand. There are two roles in markets, buyers and sellers. The market facilitates trade and enables the distribution and allocation of resources in a society. Markets allow any tradable item to be evaluated and priced. A market emerges more or less spontaneously or may be constructed deliberately by human interaction in order to enable the exchange of rights (cf. ownership) of services and goods.

Types of markets[edit]

Although many markets exist in the traditional sense – such as a marketplace – there are various other types of markets and various organizational structures to assist their functions. The nature of business transactions could define markets.

Corn Exchange in London circa 1809

Financial markets[edit]

Financial markets facilitate the exchange of liquid assets. Most investors prefer investing in two markets, the stock markets and the bond markets. NYSE, AMEX, and the NASDAQ are the most common stock markets in the US. Futures markets, where contracts are exchanged regarding the future delivery of goods are often an outgrowth of general commodity markets.

Currency markets are used to trade one currency for another, and are often used for speculation on currency exchange rates.

The money market is the name for the global market for lending and borrowing.

Prediction markets[edit]

Prediction markets are a type of speculative market in which the goods exchanged are futures on the occurrence of certain events. They apply the market dynamics to facilitate information aggregation.

Organization of markets[edit]

A market can be organized as an auction, as a private electronic market, as a commodity wholesale market, as a shopping center, as a complex institution such as a stock market, and as an informal discussion between two individuals.

Markets of varying types can spontaneously arise whenever a party has interest in a good or service that some other party can provide. Hence there can be a market for cigarettes in correctional facilities, another for chewing gum in a playground, and yet another for contracts for the future delivery of a commodity. There can be black markets, where a good is exchanged illegally and virtual markets, such as eBay, in which buyers and sellers do not physically interact during negotiation. There can also be markets for goods under a command economy despite pressure to repress them.

Mechanisms of markets[edit]

In economics, a market that runs under laissez-faire policies is a free market. It is "free" in the sense that the government makes no attempt to intervene through taxes, subsidies, minimum wages, price ceilings, etc. Market prices may be distorted by a seller or sellers with monopoly power, or a buyer with monopsony power. Such price distortions can have an adverse effect on market participant's welfare and reduce the efficiency of market outcomes. Also, the relative level of organization and negotiating power of buyers and sellers markedly affects the functioning of the market. Markets where price negotiations meet equilibrium though still do not arrive at desired outcomes for both sides are said to experience market failure.

Markets are a system, and systems have structure. The structure of a well-functioning market is defined by the theory of perfect competition. Well-functioning markets of the real world are never perfect, but basic structural characteristics can be approximated for real world markets, for example:

many small buyers and sellers
buyers and sellers have equal access to information
products are comparable

There exists a popular thought that free markets would have a structure of a perfect competition. The logic behind the thought is that market failures are thought to be caused by other exogenic systems, and after removing those exogenic systems ("freeing" the markets) the free markets could run without market failures.

As an argument against such a logic there is a view that suggests that the source of market failures is inside the market system, so the removal of other interfering systems would not result in markets with a structure of perfect competition: capitalists don't want to enhance the structure of markets, just like a coach of a football team would influence the referees or would break the rules if he could while he is pursuing his target of winning the game. The capitalists are not enhancing the balance of their team versus the team of consumer-workers, so the market system needs a "referee" from outside that balances the game. The role of a "referee" of the market system is usually given to a democratic government.

Study of markets[edit]

Cabbage market by Václav Malý

A market in Râmnicu Vâlcea by Amedeo Preziosi

An Afghan market teeming with vendors and shoppers

Market in Portovenere, Italy

Wetherby town’s market

Gómez Palacio city's municipal market

WPA poster, 1937

Disciplines such as sociology, economic history, economic geography and marketing developed novel understandings of markets ^[2] studying actual existing markets made up of persons interacting in diverse ways in contrast to an abstract and all-encompassing concepts of “the market”. Markets are generally used in two ways:

"the market" denotes the abstract mechanisms whereby supply and demand confront each other and deals are made. In its place, reference to markets reflects ordinary experience and the places, processes and institutions in which exchanges occurs.^[3]
"the market" signifies an integrated, all-encompassing and cohesive capitalist world economy.

A widespread trend in economic history and sociology is skeptical of the idea that it is possible to develop a theory to capture an essence or unifying thread to markets.^[4] For economic geographers, reference to regional, local, or commodity specific markets can serve to undermine assumptions of global integration, and highlight geographic variations in the structures, institutions, histories, path dependencies, forms of interaction and modes of self-understanding of agents in different spheres of market exchange.^[5] Reference to actual markets can show capitalism not as a totalizing force or completely encompassing mode of economic activity, but rather as "a set of economic practices scattered over a landscape, rather than a systemic concentration of power".^[6]

C. B. Macpherson identifies an underlying model of the market underlying Anglo-American liberal-democratic political economy and philosophy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: Persons are cast as self-interested individuals, who enter into contractual relations with other such individuals, concerning the exchange of goods or personal capacities cast as commodities, with the motive of maximizing pecuniary interest. The state and its governance systems are cast as outside of this framework.^[7] This model came to dominant economic thinking in the later nineteenth century, as economists such as Ricardo, Mill, Jevons, Walras and later neo-classical economics shifted from reference to geographically located marketplaces to an abstract "market".^[8] This tradition is continued in contemporary neoliberalism, where the market is held up as optimal for wealth creation and human freedom, and the states’ role imagined as minimal, reduced to that of upholding and keeping stable property rights, contract, and money supply. This allowed for boilerplate economic and institutional restructuring under structural adjustment and post-Communist reconstruction.^[9]

Similar formalism occurs in a wide variety of social democratic and Marxist discourses that situate political action as antagonistic to the market. In particular, commodification theorists such as Georg Lukács insist that market relations necessarily lead to undue exploitation of labour and so need to be opposed in toto.^[10] Pierre Bourdieu has suggested the market model is becoming self-realizing, in virtue of its wide acceptance in national and international institutions through the 1990s.^[11] The formalist conception faces a number of insuperable difficulties, concerning the putatively global scope of the market to cover the entire Earth, in terms of penetration of particular economies, and in terms of whether particular claims about the subjects (individuals with pecuniary interest), objects (commodities), and modes of exchange (transactions) apply to any actually existing markets.

A central theme of empirical analyses is the variation and proliferation of types of markets since the rise of capitalism and global scale economies. The Regulation school stresses the ways in which developed capitalist countries have implemented varying degrees and types of environmental, economic, and social regulation, taxation and public spending, fiscal policy and government provisioning of goods, all of which have transformed markets in uneven and geographical varied ways and created a variety of mixed economies. Drawing on concepts of institutional variance and path dependency, varieties of capitalism theorists (such as Hall and Soskice) identify two dominant modes of economic ordering in the developed capitalist countries, "coordinated market economies" such as Germany and Japan, and an Anglo-American "liberal market economies". However, such approaches imply that the Anglo-American liberal market economies, in fact, operate in a matter close to the abstract notion of "the market". While Anglo-American countries have seen increasing introduction of neo-liberal forms of economic ordering, this has not led to simple convergence, but rather a variety of hybrid institutional orderings.^[12] Rather, a variety of new markets have emerged, such as for carbon trading or rights to pollute. In some cases, such as emerging markets for water, different forms of privatization of different aspects of previously state run infrastructure have created hybrid private-public formations and graded degrees of commodification, commercialization, and privatization.^[13]

Problematic for market formalism is the relationship between formal capitalist economic processes and a variety of alternative forms, ranging from semi-feudal and peasant economies widely operative in many developing economies, to informal markets, barter systems, worker cooperatives, or illegal trades that occur in most developed countries. Practices of incorporation of non-Western peoples into global markets in the nineteenth and twentieth century did not merely result in the quashing of former social economic institutions. Rather, various modes of articulation arose between transformed and hybridized local traditions and social practices and the emergence world economy. So called capitalist markets, in fact, include and depend on a wide range of geographically situated economic practices that do not follow the market model. Economies are thus hybrids of market and non-market elements.^[14]

Helpful here is J. K. Gibson-Graham’s complex topology of the diversity of contemporary market economies describing different types of transactions, labour, and economic agents. Transactions can occur in underground markets (such as for marijuana) or be artificially protected (such as for patents). They can cover the sale of public goods under privatization schemes to co-operative exchanges and occur under varying degrees of monopoly power and state regulation. Likewise, there are a wide variety of economic agents, which engage in different types of transactions on different terms: One cannot assume the practices of a religious kindergarten, multinational corporation, state enterprise, or community-based cooperative can be subsumed under the same logic of calculability (pp. 53–78). This emphasis on proliferation can also be contrasted with continuing scholarly attempts to show underlying cohesive and structural similarities to different markets.^[15]

A prominent entry-point for challenging the market model's applicability concerns exchange transactions and the homo economicus assumption of self-interest maximization. As of 2012^[update] a number of streams of economic sociological analysis of markets focus on the role of the social in transactions, and on the ways transactions involve social networks and relations of trust, cooperation and other bonds.^[15] Economic geographers in turn draw attention to the ways in exchange transactions occur against the backdrop of institutional, social and geographic processes, including class relations, uneven development, and historically contingent path-dependencies.^[16] Michel Callon's concept of framing provides a useful schema: each economic act or transaction occurs against, incorporates and also re-performs a geographically and cultural specific complex of social histories, institutional arrangements, rules and connections. These network relations are simultaneously bracketed, so that persons and transactions may be disentangled from thick social bonds. The character of calculability is imposed upon agents as they come to work in markets and are "formatted" as calculative agencies. Market exchanges contain a history of struggle and contestation that produced actors predisposed to exchange under c^{[clarification needed]}

An emerging theme worthy of further study is the interrelationship, interpenetrability and variations of concepts of persons, commodities, and modes of exchange under particular market formations. This is most pronounced in recent movement towards post-structuralist theorizing that draws on Foucault and Actor Network Theory and stress relational aspects of personhood, and dependence and integration into networks and practical systems. Commodity network approaches further both deconstruct and show alternatives to the market models concept of commodities. Here, both researchers and market commodities.^[17] Gibson-Graham thus read a variety of alternative markets, for fair trade and organic foods, or those using Local Exchange Trading Systems as not only contributing to proliferation, but also forging new modes of ethical exchange and economic subjectivities.

In social systems theory (cf. Niklas Luhmann), markets are also conceptialized as inner environments of the economy. As horizon of all potential investment decisions the market represents the environment of the actually realized investment decisions. Such inner environments, however, can also be observed in further function systems of society like in political, scientific, religious or mass media systems.^[18]

Size parameters[edit]

Market size can given in terms of the number of buyers and sellers in a particular market^[19] or in terms of the total exchange of money in the market, generally annually (per year). When given in terms of money, market size is often termed market value, but in a sense distinct from market value of individual products. For one and the same goods, there may be different (and generally increasing) market values at the production level, the wholesale level and the retail level. For example, the value of the global illicit drug market for the year 2003 was estimated by the United Nations to be US$13 billion at the production level, $94 billion at the wholesale level (taking seizures into account), and US$322 billion at the retail level (based on retail prices and taking seizures and other losses into account).^[20]

Notes[edit]

^ Sullivan, arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 28. ISBN 0-13-063085-3. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Diaz Ruiz, C. A. (2012). "Theories of markets: Insights from marketing and the sociology of markets". The Marketing Review 12 (1): 61–77. doi:10.1362/146934712X13286274424316 .
^ Callon, M. (1998) "Introduction: The Embeddedness of Economic Markets in Economics." In The Laws of the Markets, edited by Michel Callon. Basic Blackwell/The Sociological Review pp. 1–57 1998, p.2).
^ Swedberg, Richard (1994) “Markets as Social Structures” The Handbook of Economic Sociology. Ed. Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg. Princeton University Press. 255-2821994, p. 258)
^ Peck, J. (2005) “Economic Geographies in Space” Economic Geography 81(2) 129-175.
^ (Gibson-Graham, J.K. (2006) Postcapitalist Politics. University of Minnesota Press,. p. 2).
^ (MacPherson, C.B. (1962) The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: From Hobbes to Locke. Oxford Clarendon Press. p.3
^ (Swedberg, 1994, p. 258
^ Harvey, David (2005) A Short History of Neoliberalism Oxford University Press.
^ Lukács, Georg. (1971) History and Class Consciousness. Trans. Rodney Livingstone. Merlin Press. London. p. 87
^ Bourdieu, Pierre (1999) Acts of Resistance: Against the Tyranny of the Market. The New Press.p. 95
^ Peck, supra, p. 154)
^ Bakker, Karen (2005) “Neoliberalizing Nature?: Market Environmentalism in water supply in England and Wales” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95 (3), 542–565
^ (Mitchell, Timothy (2002) Rule of Experts. University of California Pressp. 270; Gibson-Graham 2006, supra pp. 53–78)
^ ^a ^b Swedberg, 1994, p. 267
^ Martin, Ron (2000) "Institutional Approaches in Economic Geography", Handbook of Economic Geography. Ed. Eric Sheppard and Trevor J. Barnes. Blackwell Publishers.Peck, 2005
^ Hughes, Alex (2005) “Geographies of Exchange and Circulation: alternative trading spaces” Progress in Human Geography
^ [1] (cf. Roth 2012) “Leaving commonplaces on the commonplace. Cornerstones of a polyphonic market theory”, Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 43–52.
^ investorwords.com > market size Retrieved on April 17, 2010
^ United Nations, “2005 World Drug Report,” Office on Drugs and Crime, June 2005, pg. 16. [2]

References[edit]

Aspers, Patrik (2011) Markets Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bakker, Karen (2005) “Neoliberalizing Nature?: Market Environmentalism in water supply in England and Wales” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95 (3), 542-565.
Bourdieu, Pierre (1999) Acts of Resistance: Against the Tyranny of the Market. The New Press.
Callon, Michel (1998) "Introduction: The Embeddedness of Economic Markets in Economics." In The Laws of the Markets, edited by Michel Callon. Basic Blackwell/The Sociological Review pp 1–57
Gibson-Graham, J.K. (2006) Postcapitalist Politics. University of Minnesota Press,.
Harvey, David (2005) A Short History of Neoliberalism Oxford University Press.
Hughes, Alex (2005) “Geographies of Exchange and Circulation: alternative trading spaces” Progress in Human Geography
Lukács, Georg. (1971) History and Class Consciousness. Trans. Rodney Livingstone. Merlin Press. London.
MacPherson, C.B. (1962) The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: From Hobbes to Locke. Oxford Clarendon Press.
Marshall, A. (1961). Principles of Economics. C. W. Guillebaud, Ed. 2 Vol. London: Macmillan.
Martin, Ron (2000) “Institutional Approaches in Economic Geography” Handbook of Economic Geography. Ed. Eric Sheppard and Trevor J. Barnes. Blackwell Publishers.
Mitchell, Timothy (2002) Rule of Experts University of California Press.;
Nathaus, Klaus & David Gilgen (Eds.): Change of Markets and Market Societies: Concepts and Case Studies. Historical Social Research 36 (3), Special Issue, 2011.
Peck, J. (2005) “Economic Geographies in Space” Economic Geography 81(2) 129–175.
Roth, S. (2012) "Leaving commonplaces on the commonplace. Cornerstones of a polyphonic market theory" Journal of Critical Organization Inquiry 10(3) 43-52.
Swedberg, Richard (1994) “Markets as Social Structures” The Handbook of Economic Sociology. Ed. Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg. Princeton University Press. 255-282.

External links[edit]

Look up market in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Market.

Qualitionary – Legal Definitions – Market
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PMID 23984972

Effect of bottling and storage on the migration of plastic constituents in Spanish bottled waters.

Guart A1, Bono-Blay F1, Borrell A2, Lacorte S3.Author information 1Laboratorio Dr. Oliver-Rodés S.A., Moreres, 21 (Polígon Estruc), 08820 El Prat de Llobregat, Spain; Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.2Laboratorio Dr. Oliver-Rodés S.A., Moreres, 21 (Polígon Estruc), 08820 El Prat de Llobregat, Spain.3Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Electronic address: slbqam@cid.csic.es.AbstractBottled water is packaged in either glass or, to a large extent, in plastic bottles with metallic or plastic caps of different material, shape and colour. Plastic materials are made of one or more monomers and several additives that can eventually migrate into water, either during bottle manufacturing, water filling or storage. The main objective of the present study was to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the quality of the Spanish bottled water market in terms of (i) migration of plastic components or additives during bottling and during storage and (ii) evaluation of the effect of the packaging material and bottle format on the migration potential. The compounds investigated were 5 phthalates, diethylhexyl adipate, alkylphenols and bisphenol A. A set of 362 bottled water samples corresponding to 131 natural mineral waters and spring waters sources and 3 treated waters of several commercial brands were analysed immediately after bottling and after one-year storage (a total of 724 samples). Target compounds were detected in 5.6% of the data values, with diethyl hexyl phthalate and bisphenol A being the most ubiquitous compounds detected. The total daily intake was estimated and a comparison with reference values was indicated.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Aug 1;156:73-80. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.075. Epub 2014 Jan 30.
Bottled water is packaged in either glass or, to a large extent, in plastic bottles with metallic or plastic caps of different material, shape and colour. Plastic materials are made of one or more monomers and several additives that can eventually migrate into water, either during bottle manufacturi
PMID 24629940

Japanese Journal

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NAID 40020682165

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NAID 40020881523

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[1] Sullivan, arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 28. ISBN 0-13-063085-3. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

[2] Diaz Ruiz, C. A. (2012). "Theories of markets: Insights from marketing and the sociology of markets". The Marketing Review 12 (1): 61–77. doi:10.1362/146934712X13286274424316 .

[3] Callon, M. (1998) "Introduction: The Embeddedness of Economic Markets in Economics." In The Laws of the Markets, edited by Michel Callon. Basic Blackwell/The Sociological Review pp. 1–57 1998, p.2).

[4] Swedberg, Richard (1994) “Markets as Social Structures” The Handbook of Economic Sociology. Ed. Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg. Princeton University Press. 255-2821994, p. 258)

[5] Peck, J. (2005) “Economic Geographies in Space” Economic Geography 81(2) 129-175.

[6] (Gibson-Graham, J.K. (2006) Postcapitalist Politics. University of Minnesota Press,. p. 2).

[7] (MacPherson, C.B. (1962) The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: From Hobbes to Locke. Oxford Clarendon Press. p.3

[8] (Swedberg, 1994, p. 258

[9] Harvey, David (2005) A Short History of Neoliberalism Oxford University Press.

[10] Lukács, Georg. (1971) History and Class Consciousness. Trans. Rodney Livingstone. Merlin Press. London. p. 87

[11] Bourdieu, Pierre (1999) Acts of Resistance: Against the Tyranny of the Market. The New Press.p. 95

[12] Peck, supra, p. 154)

[13] Bakker, Karen (2005) “Neoliberalizing Nature?: Market Environmentalism in water supply in England and Wales” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95 (3), 542–565

[14] (Mitchell, Timothy (2002) Rule of Experts. University of California Pressp. 270; Gibson-Graham 2006, supra pp. 53–78)

[Swedberg.2C_1994.2C_p._267-15] Swedberg, 1994, p. 267

[16] Martin, Ron (2000) "Institutional Approaches in Economic Geography", Handbook of Economic Geography. Ed. Eric Sheppard and Trevor J. Barnes. Blackwell Publishers.Peck, 2005

[17] Hughes, Alex (2005) “Geographies of Exchange and Circulation: alternative trading spaces” Progress in Human Geography

[18] [1] (cf. Roth 2012) “Leaving commonplaces on the commonplace. Cornerstones of a polyphonic market theory”, Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 43–52.

[19] vestorwords.com > market size Retrieved on April 17, 2010

[20] United Nations, “2005 World Drug Report,” Office on Drugs and Crime, June 2005, pg. 16. [2]

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