WordNet

unrefined in character; "low comedy"
an air mass of lower pressure; often brings precipitation; "a low moved in over night bringing sleet and snow" (同)depression
a low level or position or degree; "the stock market fell to a new low"
used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency (同)low-pitched
very low in volume; "a low murmur"; "the low-toned murmur of the surf" (同)low-toned
in a low position; near the ground; "the branches hung low"
less than normal in degree or intensity or amount; "low prices"; "the reservoir is low"
literal meanings; being at or having a relatively small elevation or upward extension; "low ceilings"; "low clouds"; "low hills"; "the sun is low"; "low furniture"; "a low bow"
the rate at which energy is drawn from a source that produces a flow of electricity in a circuit; expressed in volts (同)electromotive_force, emf
British political cartoonist (born in New Zealand) who created the character Colonel Blimp (1891-1963) (同)David Low, Sir David Low, Sir David Alexander Cecil Low

PrepTutorEJDIC

(高さ・位置が)『低い』,低い所にある / (価格・数量・程度などが)『低い』,少ない / (身分・地位などが)『低い』,卑しい / (人格・行為などが)『卑しい』,下劣な,下品な / 《補語にのみ用いて》(体が)『弱った』;元気のない,憂うつな / (供給が)不十分な;(…が)乏しい《+『in』(『on』)+『名』》 / (音・声が)低い,小さい / (生物が)下等な / 『低く』,低い所に / (価格・程度などが)『安く』,低く / 低い声(調子)で;静かに / 最低点,最低水準
(牛の)モーという鳴き声 / (牛が)モーと鳴く
電圧,電圧量,ボルト数
見よ,そら
liter[s]

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/23 14:45:39」(JST)

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IEC voltage range	AC	DC	defining risk
High voltage (supply system)	> 1000 V_rms	> 1500 V	electrical arcing
Low voltage (supply system)	50–1000 V_rms	120–1500 V	electrical shock
Extra-low voltage (supply system)	< 50 V_rms	< 120 V	low risk

Low voltage is a relative term, the definition varying by context. Different definitions are used in electric power transmission and distribution, and in the electronics industry. Electrical safety codes define "low voltage" circuits that are exempt from the protection required at higher voltages. These definitions vary by country and specific code.

Electrical power supply industry definitions

In the electrical power supply industry, 'low voltage' most commonly refers to mains voltage or power transmission lines. "Low voltage" in this context still presents a risk of electric shock, but only a minor risk of electric arcs through the air.

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50–1000 V AC or 120–1500 V DC.

British Standard BS 7671:2008 defines supply system low voltage as:

50–1000 V AC or 120–1500 V ripple-free DC between conductors;

50–600 V AC or 120–900 V ripple-free DC between conductors and Earth.

Electrical power distribution industry definitions

In the context of electrical power distribution , the United States 2005 National Electrical Code (NEC) defines low (distribution system) voltage as 0 - 49 volts. Low Distribution (system voltage) is covered by 250.20(A) of this code.

The NFPA standard 79 article 6.4.1.1 defines distribution PELV as nominal voltage of 30 Vrms or 60 Vdc ripple free for dry locations and 6 Vrms or 15 Vdc in all other cases.

Electronics design and manufacturing industry definition

UL standard 508A article 43 (Table 43.1) defines 0-20V peak/ 5A or 20.1-42.4V peak/ 100VA as Low-Voltage Limited Energy circuits.

References

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English Journal

Label-free biosensor based on an electrical tracing-assisted silicon microring resonator with a low-cost broadband source.

Kim KW, Song J, Kee JS, Liu Q, Lo GQ, Park MK.SourceInstitute of Microelectronics, A⁎STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117685, Singapore.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2013 Aug 15;46:15-21. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.02.002. Epub 2013 Feb 26.
We present a novel biosensor based on an electrical tracing-assisted silicon dual-microring resonator sensor system. The dual-microring system comprises one microring resonator as a sensing element and the other microring resonator integrated with an electrical controller as a tracing element. The r
PMID 23500471

Detecting Lyme disease using antibody-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube transistors.

Lerner MB, Dailey J, Goldsmith BR, Brisson D, Charlie Johnson AT.SourceDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2013 Jul 15;45:163-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.01.035. Epub 2013 Feb 4.
We examined the potential of antibody-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) field-effect transistors (FETs) to use as a fast and accurate sensor for a Lyme disease antigen. Biosensors were fabricated on oxidized silicon wafers using chemical vapor deposition grown carbon nanotubes that
PMID 23475141

Japanese Journal

Charge trapping characteristics of Al2O3/Al-rich Al2O3/SiO2 stacked films fabricated by radio-frequency magnetron co-sputtering

Nakata Shunji,Maeda Ryoji,Kawae Takeshi,Morimoto Akiharu,Shimizu Tatsuo
Thin Solid Films 520(3), 1091-1095, 2011-11-30
… When the applied voltage between the gate and the substrate is increased, the hysteresis window of capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics becomes larger, which is caused by the charge trapping in the film. … The device structure would be promising for low-cost nonvolatile memory. …
NAID 120003752534

Micro-patterning of Si(100) surfaces by ethanol cluster ion beams

Takaoka Gikan H.,Ryuto Hiromichi,Ozaki Ryosuke,Mukai Hiroshi,Takeuchi Mitsuaki
Surface and Coatings Technology 206(5), 869-873, 2011-11
… The irradiation of Si(100) surfaces by ethanol cluster ion beams exhibited high-rate sputtering and low-damage formation. … The sputtered depth increased with increase of the acceleration voltage for ethanol cluster ions, and the sputtering yield was a few hundreds times larger than that by Ar monomer ion beams. …
NAID 120003573885

30A-B-5 Improvement of Inactivation Efficiency of Bacteria by Pulsed Electric Field with Dielectrophoretic Condensation(Dielectrophoretic Approach to Biomedical Applications)

UCHIDA Satoshi,TSUKUTANI Atsuto,TOCHIKUBO Fumiyoshi
バイオメディカル・ファジィ・システム学会大会講演論文集 : BMFSA (24), 215-220, 2011-10-29
… Although pulsed electric field sterilization is an attractive treatment having some advantages such as simple operability and low deteriorating, the improvement of sterilization efficiency is essential for further popularization of this method. … The sterilization ratio with the present treatment was almost the same as that with only the application of pulsed voltage for two hours. …
NAID 110008913952