WordNet

unornamented; "a simple country schoolhouse"; "her black dress--simple to austerity"
any herbaceous plant having medicinal properties
(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions (同)unsubdivided
having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved; "a simple problem"; "simple mechanisms"; "a simple design"; "a simple substance"
having only one part or element; "a simplex word has no affixes and is not part of a compound--like `boy compared with `boyish or `house compared with `houseboat"
allowing communication in only one direction at a time, or in telegraphy allowing only one message over a line at a time; "simplex system"
viral diseases causing eruptions of the skin or mucous membrane
any of the animal viruses that cause painful blisters on the skin (同)herpes_virus
inflammation of the brain usually caused by a virus; symptoms include headache and neck pain and drowsiness and nausea and fever (`phrenitis is no longer in scientific use) (同)cephalitis, phrenitis

PrepTutorEJDIC

『簡単な』容易な,分かりやすい / (複合に対して)単一の / 『単純な』,込み入っていない / 『純然たる』,全くの / 『飾り気のない』,簡素な,地味な,質素な / 『もったいぶらない』;誠実な,実直な / お人よしの,だまされやすい / 《文》地位のない,普通の,平(ひら)の
薬草,薬用植物
疱疹(ほうしん)
脳炎

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/10 02:03:43」(JST)

wiki en

Herpesviral encephalitis is encephalitis due to herpes simplex virus.

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a viral infection of the human central nervous system. It is estimated to affect at least 1 in 500,000 individuals per year^[1] and some studies suggest an incidence rate of 5.9 cases per 100,000 live births.^[2] The majority of cases of herpes encephalitis are caused by herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), the same virus that causes cold sores. 57% of American adults are infected with HSV-1,^[3] which is spread through droplets, casual contact, and sometimes sexual contact, though most infected people never have cold sores. About 10% of cases of herpes encephalitis are due to HSV-2, which is typically spread through sexual contact. About 1 in 3 cases of HSE result from primary HSV-1 infection, predominantly occurring in individuals under the age of 18; 2 in 3 cases occur in seropositive persons, few of whom have history of recurrent orofacial herpes. Approximately 50% of individuals that develop HSE are over 50 years of age.^[4]

Pathophysiology

HSE is thought to be caused by the transmission of virus from a peripheral site on the face following HSV-1 reactivation, along a nerve axon, to the brain.^[1] The virus lies dormant in the ganglion of the trigeminal cranial nerve, but the reason for reactivation, and its pathway to gain access to the brain, remains unclear, though changes in the immune system caused by stress clearly play a role in animal models of the disease. The olfactory nerve may also be involved in HSE,^[5] which may explain its predilection for the temporal lobes of the brain, as the olfactory nerve sends branches there. In horses, a single-nucleotide polymorphism is sufficient to allow the virus to cause neurological disease;^[6] but no similar mechanism has been found in humans.

Presentation

Most individuals with HSE show a decrease in their level of consciousness and an altered mental state presenting as confusion, and changes in personality. Increased numbers of white blood cells can be found in patient's cerebrospinal fluid, without the presence of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Patients typically have a fever^[1] and may have seizures. The electrical activity of the brain changes as the disease progresses, first showing abnormalities in one temporal lobe of the brain, which spread to the other temporal lobe 7–10 days later.^[1] Imaging by CT or MRI shows characteristic changes in the temporal lobes (see Figure). Definite diagnosis requires testing of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) for presence of the virus. The testing takes several days to perform, and patients with suspected Herpes encephalitis should be treated with acyclovir immediately while waiting for test results.

Treatment

Herpesviral Encephalitis can be treated with high-dose intravenous aciclovir. Without treatment, HSE results in rapid death in approximately 70% of cases; survivors suffer severe neurological damage.^[1] When treated, HSE is still fatal in one-third of cases, and causes serious long-term neurological damage in over half of survivors. Twenty percent of treated patients recover with minor damage. Only a small population of survivors (2.5%) regain completely normal brain function.^[4] Earlier treatment (within 48 hours of symptom onset) improves the chances of a good recovery. Rarely, treated individuals can have relapse of infection weeks to months later. While the herpes virus can be spread, encephalitis itself is not infectious. Other viruses can cause similar symptoms of encephalitis, though usually milder (human herpes virus-6, varicella zoster virus, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, coxsackievirus, etc.).

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Whitley RJ (2006). "Herpes simplex encephalitis: adolescents and adults". Antiviral Res. 71 (2–3): 141–8. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.002. PMID 16675036.
^ Kropp, Rhonda Y.; et al. (2006). "Neonatal herpes simplex virus infections in Canada: results of a 3-year national prospective study.". Pediatrics Vis. Sci. 117 (6): 1955–1962. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1778. PMID 16740836.
^ Xu, Fujie; Sternburg Maya; Kottiri Benny; McQuilan Geraldine; Lee Francis; Nahmias Andre; Berman Stuart; Markowitz Larui (2006). "Trends in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 Seroprevalence in the United States". JAMA. 8 296 (8): 964–73. doi:10.1001/jama.296.8.964. PMID 16926356.
^ ^a ^b Whitley RJ, Gnann JW (2002). "Viral encephalitis: familiar infections and emerging pathogens". Lancet 359 (9305): 507–13. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07681-X. PMID 11853816.
^ Dinn J (1980). "Transolfactory spread of virus in herpes simplex encephalitis". Br Med J 281 (6252): 1392. doi:10.1136/bmj.281.6252.1392. PMC 1715042. PMID 7437807.
^ van de Walle GR, Goupil R, Wishon C, et al. (2009). "A single‐nucleotide polymorphism in a herpesvirus DNA polymerase is sufficient to cause lethal neurological disease". J Infect Dis 200 (1): 20–25. doi:10.1086/599316. PMID 19456260.

Kumar M, Hill JM, Clement C, Varnell ED, Thompson HW, Kaufman HE (December 2009). "A double-blind placebo-controlled study to evaluate valacyclovir alone and with aspirin for asymptomatic HSV-1 DNA shedding in human tears and saliva". Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50 (12): 5601–8. doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3729. PMC 2895993. PMID 19608530.
Kaufman HE, Azcuy AM, Varnell ED, Sloop GD, Thompson HW, Hill JM (January 2005). "HSV-1 DNA in tears and saliva of normal adults". Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46 (1): 241–7. doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0614. PMC 1200985. PMID 15623779.
Hill JM, Zhao Y, Clement C, Neumann DM, Lukiw WJ (October 2009). "HSV-1 infection of human brain cells induces miRNA-146a and Alzheimer-type inflammatory signaling". NeuroReport 20 (16): 1500–5. doi:10.1097/WNR.0b013e3283329c05. PMC 2872932. PMID 19801956.

External links

Encephalitis Global—A USA non-profit sharing an active discussion forum
The Encephalitis Society—A Global resource on Encephalitis

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 単純ヘルペスウイルス1型脳炎 herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis
2. 成人におけるウイルス性脳炎 viral encephalitis in adults
3. 脳炎または髄膜炎患者における単純ヘルペスウイルスの診断のためのPCR検査 pcr testing for the diagnosis of herpes simplex virus in patients with encephalitis or meningitis
4. 小児および思春期における急性ウイルス性脳炎：治療および予防 acute viral encephalitis in children and adolescents treatment and prevention
5. アシクロビル：概要 acyclovir an overview

English Journal

Managing aggression in global amnesia following herpes simplex virus encephalitis: The case of E.B.

Shannon TE1, Griffin SL.
Brain injury.Brain Inj.2015;29(1):118-124. Epub 2014 Sep 10.
Abstract Aim: This article describes an integrative approach to the case of EB, a 33 year old male who presented with agitation, delusional ideation and global amnesia after contracting herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) while in a state prison in 2004. Case study: Although several prior case
PMID 25207991

Simultaneous detection of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with seizures and encephalitis.

Anderson NW1, Sistrunk W2, Binnicker MJ3.
Journal of clinical microbiology.J Clin Microbiol.2015 Jan;53(1):343-5. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02718-14. Epub 2014 Oct 29.
We report a case of a 62-year-old female with seizures and encephalitis. Molecular testing of the patient's cerebrospinal fluid was positive for both herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of simultaneous detection of HSV-1 and HSV-2 in cerebrospin
PMID 25355765

Persistent Infection by HSV-1 Is Associated With Changes in Functional Architecture of iPSC-Derived Neurons and Brain Activation Patterns Underlying Working Memory Performance.

D'Aiuto L1, Prasad KM1, Upton CH2, Viggiano L3, Milosevic J4, Raimondi G5, McClain L2, Chowdari K2, Tischfield J6, Sheldon M6, Moore JC6, Yolken RH7, Kinchington PR8, Nimgaonkar VL9.
Schizophrenia bulletin.Schizophr Bull.2015 Jan;41(1):123-32. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbu032. Epub 2014 Mar 12.
BACKGROUND: Herpes simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) commonly produces lytic mucosal lesions. It invariably initiates latent infection in sensory ganglia enabling persistent, lifelong infection. Acute HSV-1 encephalitis is rare and definitive evidence of latent infection in the brain is lacking. However
PMID 24622295

Japanese Journal

医学と医療の最前線脳髄膜炎の遺伝子診断

大原義朗,森田昭彦
日本内科学会雑誌 103(8), 1942-1947, 2014-08-10
NAID 40020185581

症例報告髄液オレキシン低値をともない過眠症を合併した単純ヘルペス脳炎の1例

向野晃弘,木下郁夫,福島直美 [他]
臨床神経学 = Clinical neurology 54(3), 207-211, 2014-03
NAID 40020006443

前頭葉に病変が及んだ非ヘルペス性急性辺縁系脳炎の1例

朱膳寺圭子,石川元直,西村芳子,柴田興一,大塚邦明,佐倉宏,高橋幸利
東京女子医科大学雑誌 84(E1), E197-E203, 2014-01-31
【症例】45歳男性【主訴】発熱、痙攣発作、意識障害【現病歴】入院2週間前から感冒症状が出現し、入院1週間前から40℃の発熱があり解熱鎮痛剤を内服していた。入院当日、全身性の痙攣発作が出現したため救急搬送された。【入院後経過】入院時、軽度の意識障害と前向性健忘を認め、頭部MRIでは異常はなかったが、第2病日、口からはじまる部分発作が増悪した。第6病日に強直性痙攣が出現し、第7病日のMRIでは両側の海 …
NAID 110009752578

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「単純ヘルペス脳炎」「HSE」「herpetic encephalitis」
関連記事	「simple」「simplex」

「単純ヘルペス脳炎」

Herpesviral encephalitis
	coronal T2-weighted MR image shows high signal in the temporal lobes including hippocampal formations and parahippogampal gyrae, insulae, and right inferior frontal gyrus. A brain biopsy was performed and the histology was consistent with encephalitis. PCR was repeated on the biopsy specimen and was positive for HSV
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	B00.4
ICD-9-CM	054.3
eMedicine	article/1165183 article/341142
	[edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: herpes simplex encephalitis, HSE
同: (国試)ヘルペス脳炎, herpes encephalitis
関: 脳炎、クリューバー・ビューシー症候群(Kluver-Bucy syndrome)

[show details]

ヘルペス脳炎 : 約 55,000 件
単純ヘルペス脳炎 : 約 26,200 件

see HIM.1095- WMM.372

検査

MRI

FLAIRで海馬を中心とした側頭内側部に高信号

治療

アシクロビル、ビダラビン

診断がつかなくとも予防的に投与。

参考

1. [charged]Herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis - uptodate [1]
2. 単純ヘルペス脳炎診療ガイドライン - 日本神経感染症学会

http://www.neuroinfection.jp/guideline001.html

国試

101A047、098D055、095G054

「HSE」

　　[★]

「herpetic encephalitis」

　　[★] ヘルペス脳炎、単純ヘルペス脳炎 herpes simplex encephalitis

「simple」

　　[★]

adj.

(比較級simpler-最上級simplest)単純な、簡便な、シンプルな、簡素な、単一の、単一性の、単純性の

関: convenient、mono、parsimonious、plain、simplex、simplicity、simply、single、unity

「simplex」

　　[★]

adj.

単一性の、単式

関: simple

[pmid16675036-1] Whitley RJ (2006). "Herpes simplex encephalitis: adolescents and adults". Antiviral Res. 71 (2–3): 141–8. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.002. PMID 16675036.

[pmid.3D16740836-2] Kropp, Rhonda Y.; et al. (2006). "Neonatal herpes simplex virus infections in Canada: results of a 3-year national prospective study.". Pediatrics Vis. Sci. 117 (6): 1955–1962. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1778. PMID 16740836.

[3] Xu, Fujie; Sternburg Maya; Kottiri Benny; McQuilan Geraldine; Lee Francis; Nahmias Andre; Berman Stuart; Markowitz Larui (2006). "Trends in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 Seroprevalence in the United States". JAMA. 8 296 (8): 964–73. doi:10.1001/jama.296.8.964. PMID 16926356.

[pmid11853816-4] Whitley RJ, Gnann JW (2002). "Viral encephalitis: familiar infections and emerging pathogens". Lancet 359 (9305): 507–13. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07681-X. PMID 11853816.

[5] Dinn J (1980). "Transolfactory spread of virus in herpes simplex encephalitis". Br Med J 281 (6252): 1392. doi:10.1136/bmj.281.6252.1392. PMC 1715042. PMID 7437807.

[6] van de Walle GR, Goupil R, Wishon C, et al. (2009). "A single‐nucleotide polymorphism in a herpesvirus DNA polymerase is sufficient to cause lethal neurological disease". J Infect Dis 200 (1): 20–25. doi:10.1086/599316. PMID 19456260.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

herpes simplex encephalitis