WordNet

causing or capable of causing harm; "too much sun is harmful to the skin"; "harmful effects of smoking"
contrary to your interests or welfare; "adverse circumstances"; "made a place for themselves under the most untoward conditions" (同)inauspicious, untoward
in an opposing direction; "adverse currents"; "a contrary wind" (同)contrary
involving risk or danger; "skydiving is a hazardous sport"; "extremely risky going out in the tide and fog"; "a wild financial scheme" (同)risky, wild
tending to repel or dissuade; "aversive conditioning"
injurious to physical or mental health; "noxious chemical wastes"; "noxious ideas"
destructiveness that causes harm or injury (同)injuriousness
the quality of being noxious (同)noisomeness, noxiousness

PrepTutorEJDIC

『有害な』,害になる
反対の,逆の / 逆方向の
都合の悪い,不運な / 始末に負えない,強情な
冒険的な,危険な
(人間の心理が)不快な(苦しい)ことを避けようとする
(健康上)有害な,身体に悪い / (道徳的に)有害な,不健全な

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/09 03:19:33」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 貝や甲殻類による中毒およびフグによる中毒の概要 overview of shellfish and pufferfish poisoning
2. 急性呼吸窮迫症候群：新しい治療法 acute respiratory distress syndrome novel therapies in adults
3. Fish consumption and omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy
4. 長期にわたる術後イレウスに対する予防策 measures to prevent prolonged postoperative ileus
5. 成人における術後の腹膜癒着とその予防 postoperative peritoneal adhesions in adults and their prevention

English Journal

In vitro toxicity assessment of silver nanoparticles in the presence of phenolic compounds--preventive agents against the harmful effect?

Martirosyan A1, Bazes A, Schneider YJ.Author information 1Institute of Life Sciences & UCLouvain, Laboratory of Cellular, Nutritional and Toxicological Biochemistry , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium.AbstractThe increasing commercial use of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) will inevitably lead to elevated silver exposure and thus to potential human health complications. In this study the acute toxicity of Ag-NPs <20 nm alone and upon co-administration with food matrix component phenolic compounds (PCs) on the cell-based models of the gastrointestinal tract was investigated. An improved co-culture model of Caco-2 and RajiB cells was applied for more precise in vitro simulation of the gastrointestinal tract. The involvement of two major factors contributing to the toxicity of Ag-NPs, i.e. the release of Ag(+) and the induction of oxidative stress, was investigated. Ag-NPs were cytotoxic for Caco-2 cells with an EC50 of ca. 40 µg/ml. Ag-NPs led to oxidative stress starting from ca. 45 µg/ml. The epithelial barrier integrity disruption by Ag-NPs on Caco-2 cell mono- and co-cultures was established by decreased transepithelial electrical resistances and increased passages of Lucifer Yellow, a paracellular marker. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that Ag-NPs affect occludin and zonula occludens 1 distributions, suggesting the opening of tight junctions. Ag(+), corresponding to the release from Ag-NPs, demonstrated a partial contribution in the toxic parameters, induced by Ag-NPs. Two PCs, quercetin and kaempferol, partially protected the Caco-2 cells from Ag-NP-induced toxicity and maintained the epithelial barrier integrity, disrupted by NPs. No protective effect was observed for resveratrol. The protective effect could be beneficial and decrease the potential toxicity of ingested Ag-NPs. However, the precise mechanisms of barrier-integrity-destabilising action of Ag-NPs/Ag(+) and protective effect of PCs still require further elucidation.
Nanotoxicology.Nanotoxicology.2014 Aug;8(5):573-82. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2013.812258. Epub 2013 Jun 27.
The increasing commercial use of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) will inevitably lead to elevated silver exposure and thus to potential human health complications. In this study the acute toxicity of Ag-NPs <20 nm alone and upon co-administration with food matrix component phenolic compounds (PCs)
PMID 23738887

Detection of five Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli genes with multiplex PCR.

Son I1, Binet R2, Maounounen-Laasri A3, Lin A4, Hammack TS5, Kase JA6.Author information 1U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, USA. Electronic address: insook.son@fda.hhs.gov.2U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, USA. Electronic address: rachel.binet@fda.hhs.gov.3Oak Ridge Research Institute for Science and Education, PO Box 117, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA. Electronic address: anna.laasri@fda.hhs.gov.4U.S. Food and Drug Administration San Francisco District Laboratory, Alameda, CA 94502, USA. Electronic address: andrew.lin@fda.hhs.gov.5U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, USA. Electronic address: thomas.hammack@fda.hhs.gov.6U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, USA. Electronic address: julie.kase@fda.hhs.gov.AbstractEscherichia coli serogroup O157 is the pathogen most commonly associated with foodborne disease outbreaks, but epidemiological studies suggest that non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) is a major player as well. The ten most clinically relevant STECs belong to serogroups O26, O103, O111, O145, O157, O91, O113, O128, O45, and O121; but emerging strains, such as O104:H4 that was identified with the 2011 German outbreak, could become more prevalent in the future. A 75-min conventional multiplex PCR assay, IS-5P, targeting the four virulence factors stx1, stx2, eae, and ehxA plus the O157:H7-specific +93 uidA single nucleotide polymorphism was developed to better assess the potential pathogenicity of STEC isolates. All 212 STEC DNAs showed one to five amplification products, while the non-E. coli DNA did not react to this multiplex PCR assay. Enrichment broths obtained from baby spinach, alfalfa sprouts, and cilantro artificially inoculated with O26, O103, and O121 STECs reacted positively to the multiplex assay. Unlike the current FDA BAM 5P PCR, designed for the specific detection of O157:H7, IS-5P will identify potentially harmful O157:H7 and non-O157 STECs so they can be removed from the nation's food supply.
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2014 Jun;40:31-40. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.11.016. Epub 2013 Dec 17.
Escherichia coli serogroup O157 is the pathogen most commonly associated with foodborne disease outbreaks, but epidemiological studies suggest that non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) is a major player as well. The ten most clinically relevant STECs belong to serogroups O26, O103, O111, O
PMID 24549195

A varying-stage adaptive phase II/III clinical trial design.

Dong G.Author information Biometrics & Statistical Science, Integrated Information Sciences (IIS)-Integrated Hospital Care (IHC), Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, U.S.A.AbstractCurrently, adaptive phase II/III clinical trials are typically carried out with a strict two-stage design. The first stage is a learning stage called phase II, and the second stage is a confirmatory stage called phase III. Following phase II analysis, inefficacious or harmful dose arms are dropped, then one or two promising dose arms are selected for the second stage. However, there are often situations in which researchers are in dilemma to make 'go or no-go' decision and/or to select 'best' dose arm(s), as data from the first stage may not provide sufficient information for their decision making. In this case, it is challenging to follow a strict two-stage plan. Therefore, we propose a varying-stage adaptive phase II/III clinical trial design, in which we consider whether there is a need to have an intermediate stage to obtain more data, so that a more informative decision could be made. Hence, the number of further investigational stages in our design is determined on the basis of data accumulated to the interim analysis. With respect to adaptations, we consider dropping dose arm(s), switching another plausible endpoint as the primary study endpoint, re-estimating sample size, and early stopping for futility. We use an adaptive combination test to perform final analyses. By applying closed testing procedure, we control family-wise type I error rate at the nominal level of α in the strong sense. We delineate other essential design considerations including the threshold parameters and the proportion of alpha allocated in the two-stage versus three-stage setting. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistics in medicine.Stat Med.2014 Apr 15;33(8):1272-87. doi: 10.1002/sim.6036. Epub 2013 Nov 6.
Currently, adaptive phase II/III clinical trials are typically carried out with a strict two-stage design. The first stage is a learning stage called phase II, and the second stage is a confirmatory stage called phase III. Following phase II analysis, inefficacious or harmful dose arms are dropped,
PMID 24273128

Can metabolic impairments in experimental diabetes be cured with poly(amido)amine (PAMAM) G4 dendrimers? - In the search for minimizing of the adverse effects of PAMAM administration.

Labieniec-Watala M1, Przygodzki T2, Sebekova K3, Watala C4.Author information 1University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Thermobiology, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland. Electronic address: magdalab@biol.uni.lodz.pl.2Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, University Clinical Hospital No. 2, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland. Electronic address: tomasz.przygodzki@umed.lodz.pl.3Institute of Molecular BioMedicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia. Electronic address: katarina.sebekova@szu.sk.4Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, University Clinical Hospital No. 2, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland. Electronic address: cezary.watala@umed.lodz.pl.AbstractPoly(amido)amine (PAMAM) G4 dendrimers, given intraperitoneally to diabetic rats, have been reported to scavenge excessive blood glucose and minimize the effects of hyperglycaemia, however, at the cost of reduced survival. This paper is the first to compare the effectiveness of three different routes of PAMAM G4 administration with regard to minimizing the adverse effects of hyperglycaemia in rats. Hence, the aim of the study is to identify the most effective and the least harmful method of dendrimer administration. Control and streptozotocin-diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to PAMAM G4 (0.5μmol/kg b.w.) for 60 days, administered intraperitoneally, intragastrically or subcutaneously. Intraperitoneal and subcutaneous administration of PAMAM G4 was found to be most effective in suppressing the long-term markers of hyperglycaemia, while the intragastric route appeared the least effective. Otherwise, the greatest incidence of adverse effects was associated with intraperitoneal and the lowest with subcutaneous delivery. Harmful effects of intragastrical administration were much lower compared to intraperitoneal route, but at the cost of reduced hypoglycaemizing potential. Otherwise, subcutaneous injection represents the best compromise of moderate PAMAM dendrimer toxicity and effective reduction in the markers of long-term severe hyperglycaemia in chronic experimental diabetes.
International journal of pharmaceutics.Int J Pharm.2014 Apr 10;464(1-2):152-67. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.01.011. Epub 2014 Jan 21.
Poly(amido)amine (PAMAM) G4 dendrimers, given intraperitoneally to diabetic rats, have been reported to scavenge excessive blood glucose and minimize the effects of hyperglycaemia, however, at the cost of reduced survival. This paper is the first to compare the effectiveness of three different route
PMID 24463003

Japanese Journal

感電災害の防止に役立つ新しいAC絶縁用防具の基礎的検討

労働安全衛生研究 advpub(0), 2016
NAID 130005111179

Effects of temperature, salinity, and photosynthetic photon flux density on the growth of the harmful diatom Asteroplanus karianus in the Ariake Sea, Japan

Fisheries science 81(6), 1063-1069, 2015-11
NAID 40020653553

「FCTC第 9 ,10条たばこ成分規制と情報開示」の実施 ─我が国もたばこ製品規制を実施する時期が来ている─

保健医療科学 64(5), 448-459, 2015-10
NAID 110009975804

ディーゼル機関の低温始動時におけるアルデヒド類排出挙動の解析

自動車技術会論文集 46(5), 875-880, 2015-09
NAID 40020603256

「untoward」

Harmful
Harmful
Origin	Frankfurt, Germany
Genres	Rock; Alternative rock; Noise rock
Years active	1992–present
Labels	Nois-o-lution
Website	http://www.harmfulweb.de/
Members
	Aren Emirze; Chris Aidonopoulos; Nico Heimann; Billy Gould (since 2007)