adj.

危険な、有害な

関: adverse、aversive、danger、dangerous、deleterious、detrimental、harmful、hazard、hazardously、injurious、jeopardy、noxious、risk、risky、unsafe、untoward

WordNet

involving risk or danger; "skydiving is a hazardous sport"; "extremely risky going out in the tide and fog"; "a wild financial scheme" (同)risky, wild
expose to a chance of loss or damage; "We risked losing a lot of money in this venture"; "Why risk your life?"; "She laid her job on the line when she told the boss that he was wrong" (同)put on the line, lay on the line
a venture undertaken without regard to possible loss or injury; "he saw the rewards but not the risks of crime"; "there was a danger he would do the wrong thing" (同)peril, danger
the probability of being exposed to an infectious agent (同)risk of exposure
the probability of becoming infected given that exposure to an infectious agent has occurred (同)risk of infection
a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune; "drinking alcohol is a health hazard" (同)jeopardy, peril, risk, endangerment
an obstacle on a golf course
involving or causing danger or risk; liable to hurt or harm; "a dangerous criminal"; "a dangerous bridge"; "unemployment reached dangerous proportions" (同)unsafe
causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm; "a dangerous operation"; "a grave situation"; "a grave illness"; "grievous bodily harm"; "a serious wound"; "a serious turn of events"; "a severe case of pneumonia"; "a life-threatening disease" (同)grave, grievous, serious, severe, life-threatening
contrary to your interests or welfare; "adverse circumstances"; "made a place for themselves under the most untoward conditions" (同)inauspicious, untoward
in an opposing direction; "adverse currents"; "a contrary wind" (同)contrary
a cause of pain or injury or loss; "he feared the dangers of traveling by air"
the condition of being susceptible to harm or injury; "you are in no danger"; "there was widespread danger of disease"
a dangerous place; "He moved out of danger"
the state of being dangerous (同)perilousness

PrepTutorEJDIC

冒険的な,危険な
『危険』;危害(損害)を受ける可能性《+『of』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈生命など〉‘を'『危険にさらす』 / …‘を'危険(失敗,損失など)を覚悟してする
危険,冒険;(…にとっての)危険物《+『to』+『名』》 / (ゴルフや障害レースの)障害物 / 〈生命・財産など〉‘を'危険にさらす / …‘を'思い切ってする(言う)
『危険な,危ない』;危害を加える,険呑(けんのん)な
反対の,逆の / 逆方向の
〈U〉『危険』,おそれ(peril) / 〈C〉(…に対して)『危険を引き起こすもの』,脅威(menace)《+『to』+『名』》
都合の悪い,不運な / 始末に負えない,強情な

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/24 02:11:40」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

A hazard is a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or environment. Most hazards are dormant or potential, with only a theoretical risk of harm; however, once a hazard becomes "active", it can create an emergency situation. A hazardous situation that has come to pass is called an incident. Hazard and possibility interact together to create risk.^[1]

Identification of hazard risks is the first step in performing a risk assessment.

Modes of a hazard

Wreck on rocks off Orchard Beach, New York, The Bronx during the winter of 2007.

Ukrainian "danger" road sign. Stop for dangers, including traffic accidents, natural disasters or other road obstructions

Hazards are sometimes classified into three modes:^[2]

Dormant—The situation presents a potential hazard, but no people, property, or environment is currently affected. For instance, a hillside may be unstable, with the potential for a landslide, but there is nothing below or on the hillside that could be affected.
Armed—People, property, or environment are in potential harm's way.
Active—A harmful incident involving the hazard has actually occurred. Often this is referred to not as an "active hazard" but as an accident, emergency, incident, or disaster.

Types of Hazard

Hazards are generally labeled as one of five types:

Physical hazards are conditions or situations that can cause the body physical harm or intense stress. Physical hazards can be both natural and human made elements.
Chemical hazards are substances that can cause harm or damage to the body, property or the environment. Chemical hazards can be both natural or human made origin.
Biological hazards are biological agents that can cause harm to the human body. These some biological agents can be viruses, parasites, bacteria, food, fungi, and foreign toxins.
Psychological hazards are created during work related stress or a stressful environment.A person can be a hazard when he/she is affected psychological disturbance through -stress,shift patterns and also can be a hazard when a person is under the influence of alcholo,illness and lack of training.
Radiation hazards are those that harm or damage the human body by directly affecting cells.

Classifying hazards

By its nature, a hazard involves something that could potentially be harmful to a person's life, health, property, or the environment. One key concept in identifying a hazard is the presence of stored energy that, when released, can cause damage. Stored energy can occur in many forms: chemical, mechanical, thermal, radioactive, electrical, etc. Another class of hazard does not involve release of stored energy, rather it involves the presence of hazardous situations. Examples include confined or limited egress spaces, oxygen-depleted atmospheres, awkward positions, repetitive motions, low-hanging or protruding objects, etc.

There are several methods of classifying hazard, but most systems use some variation on the factors of "likelihood" of the hazard turning into an incident and the "seriousness" of the incident if it were to occur. (This discussion moved away from hazard to a discussion of risk.)

A common method is to score both likelihood and seriousness on a numerical scale (with the most likely and most serious scoring highest) and multiplying one by the other to produce a comparative score.

Risk = Hazard × Vulnerability / Capacity

This score identifies hazards that require mitigation. A low score on likelihood of occurrence may mean that the hazard is dormant, whereas a high score indicates it may be an "active" hazard.

An important component of "seriousness if incident occurred" is "serious to whom?" Different populations may be affected differently by accidents. For example, an explosion has widely differing effects on different populations, depending on the distance from the explosion. These possible effects range from death from overpressure or shrapnel, to inhalation of noxious gases (for people downwind), to exposure to a loud noise.

Prioritization of hazards

Hazards can be identified and prioritized using the SMUG model. The SMUG model provides a means for prioritizing hazards based on the risk they present during an emergency. The SMUG model stands for Seriousness, Manageability, Urgency, Growth.

References

^ "a subjective concept that refers to the possibility of the circumstances under which the matter, field, information, energy, or all may influence the complex system, it would lead to consequences that are, or valued stakeholders (at the level of thinking, feeling or instinct) at a certain stage of development of the perceiver as negative". Zalatynskyi Vasyl Danger - a subjective evaluation of objective reality. Science & Military. – L. Mikulas, Slovak Republik. Armed Forces Academy of General Milan Rastislav Stefanik. No 1, Volume 8, 2013. P. 53-62 EV 2061/08, ISSN 1336-8885
^ David MacCollum (December 18, 2006). Construction Safety Engineering Principles: Designing and Managing Safer Job Sites. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-148244-8. Retrieved 2010-07-10.

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English Journal

The impact of education and training on compliance behavior and waste generation in European private healthcare facilities.

Botelho A.SourceUniversity of Minho and NIMA, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
Journal of environmental management.J Environ Manage.2012 May 15;98:5-10. Epub 2012 Jan 8.
As the provision of private outpatient healthcare increases within the EU countries, there is also an increase on waste generation from these facilities. Since a significant fraction of this waste is amongst the most hazardous of all wastes arising in communities, healthcare waste must be carefully
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Bacterial application increased the flow rate of CaCO(3)-clogged emitters of drip irrigation system.

Eroglu S, Sahin U, Tunc T, Sahin F.SourceDepartment of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.
Journal of environmental management.J Environ Manage.2012 May 15;98:37-42. Epub 2012 Jan 13.
CaCO(3) is one of the most common emitter clogging factors among chemical precipitates in drip irrigation systems. Continuous acid application as a classical approach to prevent CaCO(3) clogging can be tricky, expensive and hazardous for soil. In order to develop an environmentally friendly method t
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Characterisation of major component leaching and buffering capacity of RDF incineration and gasification bottom ash in relation to reuse or disposal scenarios.

Rocca S, van Zomeren A, Costa G, Dijkstra JJ, Comans RN, Lombardi F.SourceUniversity of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Civil Engineering, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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Thermal treatment of refuse derived fuel (RDF) in waste-to-energy (WtE) plants is considered a promising solution to reduce waste volumes for disposal, while improving material and energy recovery from waste. Incineration is commonly applied for the energetic valorisation of RDF, although RDF gasifi
PMID 22226920

Japanese Journal

Simulation of 1.5-mm-thick and 15-cm-diameter gated silicon drift X-ray detector operated with a single high-voltage source

Matsuura Hideharu
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(4), 044301, 2015-03-13
… High-resolution silicon X-ray detectors with a large active area are required for effectively detecting traces of hazardous elements in food and soil through the measurement of the energies and counts of X-ray fluorescence photons radially emitted from these elements. …
NAID 150000110482

The Role of Autophagy as a Mechanism of Toxicity Induced by Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Human Lung Cells

Tsukahara Tamotsu,Matsuda Yoshikazu,Haniu Hisao
INT J MOL SCI 16(1), 40-48, 2015-01
… In this review, we briefly summarize the intrinsic properties of highly purified multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs, HTT2800) and their potential hazardous effects on intracellular and extracellular pathways, which alter cellular signaling and impact major cell functions such as differentiation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis, and autophagy. …
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危険ハーブに含まれる合成カンナビノイド検知キットの開発(1)

川端三十一,桐原美穂,村松輝夫
The Japanese journal of clinical toxicology 28(1), 23-26, 2015
NAID 40020391548

有害物質規制に対応するためのプラスチック認証標準物質の開発:― RoHS指令対応の重金属分析用および臭素系難燃剤分析用に ―

日置昭治,大畑昌輝,松山重倫 [他],衣笠晋一
Synthesiology 8(1), 27-40, 2015
RoHS指令は日本の産業界へ大きなインパクトを与えた。規制対応の製品を製造するためには原料・素材の評価が重要であるが、特にプラスチック標準物質が当時世界的にほとんどなく、産総研計量標準総合センター（NMIJ）では産業界の求めに応じて迅速にプラスチック標準物質を開発した。まずはどのような標準物質を作るべきかを考えて開発プランを設計した。候補標準物質に特性値を付与するために、分析法（均質性評価法、分解 …
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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「untoward」「hazard」「adverse」「aversive」「有害」
拡張検索	「hazardously」「hazardous material」「hazardous substance」