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Look up frequentative in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
In grammar, a frequentative form (abbreviated freq. or fr.) of a word is one which indicates repeated action. The frequentative form can be considered a separate, but not completely independent word, called a frequentative. The frequentative is no longer productive in English, but in some languages, such as Finno-Ugric languages (Finnish or Hungarian), Balto-Slavic (Lithuanian or Russian and Polish), Turkic etc., it is.
Contents
- 1 English
- 2 Finnish
- 3 Greek
- 4 Hungarian
- 5 Latin
- 6 Lithuanian
- 7 Polish
- 8 Russian
- 9 Turkish
- 10 Reduplication
- 11 See also
- 12 References
English
English has -le and -er as frequentative suffixes. Some frequentative verbs surviving in English and their parent verbs are listed below. Additionally, some frequentative verbs are formed by reduplication of a monosyllable (e.g., coo-cooing, cf. Latin murmur). Frequentative nouns are often formed by combining two different vowel grades of the same word (as in teeter-totter, pitter-patter, chitchat, etc.)
| frequentative |
original |
suffix |
| batter |
bat |
-er |
| blabber |
blab |
-er |
| bobble |
bob |
-le |
| clamber |
climb |
-er |
| clutter |
clot |
-er |
| crackle |
crack |
-le |
| crumble |
crumb |
-le |
| curdle |
curd |
-le |
| dabble |
dab |
-le |
| dribble |
drip |
-le |
| dazzle |
daze |
-le |
| flitter |
flit |
-le |
| flutter |
float |
-er |
| fondle |
fond |
-le |
| glimmer |
gleam |
-er |
| gobble |
gob |
-le |
| gruntle |
grunt |
-le |
| haggle |
hag = hew, hack |
-le |
| jiggle |
jig |
-le |
| jostle |
joust |
-le |
| muddle |
mud |
-le |
| nestle |
nest |
-le |
| nuzzle |
nose |
-le |
| paddle |
pad |
-le |
| patter |
pat |
-er |
| prattle |
prate |
-le |
| prickle |
prick |
-le |
| pucker |
pock, poke |
-er |
| putter |
put |
-er |
| scuffle |
scuff |
-le |
| scuttle |
scud |
-le |
| slither |
slide |
-er |
| sniffle |
sniff |
-le |
| snuffle |
snuff |
-le |
| snuggle |
snug |
-le |
| sparkle |
spark |
-le |
| spatter |
spit |
-er |
| speckle |
speck |
-le |
| straddle |
stride |
-le |
| suckle |
suck |
-le |
| swaddle |
swathe |
-le |
| swagger |
swag |
-er |
| tickle |
tick |
-le |
| topple |
top |
-le |
| tousle |
tease (apart) |
-le |
| trample |
tramp |
-le |
| tumble |
tumben (Middle English) |
-le |
| twinkle |
twink |
-le |
| waddle |
wade |
-le |
| waggle |
wag |
-le |
| wrangle |
wring |
-le |
| wrestle |
wrest |
-le |
Finnish
In Finnish, a frequentative verb signifies a single action repeated, "around the place" both spatially and temporally. The complete translation would be "go — around aimlessly". There is a large array of different frequentatives, indicated by lexical agglutinative markers. In general, one frequentative is -:i-, and another -ele-, but it is almost always combined with something else. Some forms:
- sataa — sadella — satelee "to rain — to rain occasionally — it rains occasionally"
- ampua — ammuskella — ammuskelen "to shoot — go shooting around — I go shooting around"
- juosta — juoksennella — juoksentelen "to run — to run around (to and fro) — I run around"
- kirjoittaa — kirjoitella — kirjoittelen "to write — to write (something short) occasionally — I write "around""
- järjestää — järjestellä — järjestelen "to put in order — to arrange continuously, to play around — I play around (with them) in order to put them in order"
- heittää — heittelehtiä — heittelehdit "to throw — to swerve — you swerve"
- loikata — loikkia — loikin "to jump once — to jump (again and again) — I jump (again and again)"
- istua — istuksia — istuksit "to sit — to sit (randomly somewhere), loiter — you loiter there by sitting"
There are several frequentative morphemes, underlined above; these are affected by consonant gradation as indicated. Their meanings are slightly different; see the list, arranged infinitive~personal:
- -ella~-ele-: bare frequentative.
- -skella~-skele-: frequentative unergative verb, where the action is wanton (arbitrary)
- -stella~-stele-: frequentative causative, where the subject causes something indicated in the root, as "order" vs. "to continuously try to put something in order".
- -nnella~-ntele-: a frequentative, where an actor is required. The marker -nt- indicates a continuing effort, therefore -ntele- indicates a series of such efforts.
- -elehtia~-elehdi-: movement that is random and compulsive, as in under pain, e.g. vääntelehtiä "writhe in pain", or heittelehtiä "to swerve"
- -:ia-~-i-: a continuing action definitely at a point in time, where the action or effort is repeated.
- -ksia~-ksi-: same as -i-, but wanton, cf. -skella
Frequentatives may be combined with momentanes, that is, to indicate the repetition of a short, sudden action. The momentane -ahta- can be prefixed with the frequentative -ele- to produce the morpheme -ahtele-, as in täristä "to shake (continuously)" → tärähtää "to shake suddenly once" → tärähdellä "to shake, such that a single, sudden shaking is repeated". For example, the contrast between these is that ground shakes (maa tärisee) continuously when a large truck goes by, the ground shakes once (maa tärähtää) when a cannon fires, and the ground shakes suddenly but repeatedly (maa tärähtelee) when a battery of cannons is firing.
Since the frequentative is a lexical, not a grammatical contrast, considerable semantic drift may have occurred.
For a list of different real and hypothetical forms, see: [1].
Loanwords are put into the frequentative form, if the action is such. If the action can be nothing else but frequentative, the "basic form" doesn't even exist, such as with "to go shopping".
- surfata — surfailla "to surf — to surf (around in the net)"
- *shopata — shoppailla "*to shop once — to go shopping"
That's also the case with an adjective: iso — isotella "big — to talk big", or feikkailla < English fake "to be fake, blatantly and consistently".
Greek
In Homer and Herodotus, there is a past frequentative, usually called "past iterative", formed like the imperfect, but with an additional -sk- suffix before the endings.[1]
- ékhe-sk-on "I used to have" (imperfect ékh-on)
The same suffix is used in inchoative verbs in both Ancient Greek and Latin.
Hungarian
In Hungarian it is quite common and everyday to use frequentative.
Frequentative verbs are formed with the suffix –gat (–get after a front vowel; see vowel harmony). Also there is a so-called Template rule which force an other vowel in between the base verb and the affix to result in a word containing at least three syllables. Verbal prefixes (coverbs) do not count as a syllable.
Some verbs' frequentative forms have acquired an independent non-frequentative meaning. In these cases the three syllables rule is not applied as the form isn't considered a frequentative. These words can be affixed with –gat again to create a frequentative meaning.
In rare cases non-verbs can be affixed by –gat to give them similar modification in meaning as to verbs. In most cases these non-verbs are obviously related to some actions, like a typical outcome or object. The resulting word basically has the same meaning as if the related verb were affixed with –gat.
The change in meaning of a frequentative compared to the base can be different depending on the base: The –gat affix can modify the occurrences or the intensity or both of an action. Occasionally it produces a specific meaning which is related but distinct from the original form's.
Examples:
| frequentative |
root |
translation of root |
translation of –gat form |
explanation |
| fizetget |
fizet |
to pay |
paying for a longer period with probably less intensity |
the vowel harmony forced -GAT to take form of -get |
| kéreget |
kér |
to ask |
begging for a living |
because the resulting word must be at least three syllables long a new vowel is added to the word: kér-e-get |
| kiütöget |
(ki)üt |
hit (out) |
hit out sg. multiple times |
the prefixed coverb "ki" (out) doesn't count as a syllable so an extra vowel is added: (ki)üt-ö-get |
| hallgatgat |
hallgat |
to listen |
to listen multiple times but with possibly less intensity |
the original verb "hallgat" (to listen) is a syntactically imperfect frequentative form of "hall" (to hear) |
| rángat |
ránt |
to hitch |
to tousle |
this one is kind of an exception for the three syllable rule, however "rántogat" (ránt-o-gat) is uncommon but valid, and has a slightly bigger emphasis on the separate nature of each pull rather than a continuous shaking as in "rángat" |
| jajjgat |
jajj |
ouch (a shout) |
to shout "jajj" multiple times, probably because of pain |
the original word is not a verb, so the three syllable rule is not applied |
| béget |
bee |
baa (onomatopoeia for a sheep) |
to shout baa multiple times |
same as above |
| mosogat |
mos |
to wash |
to do the dishes |
the frequentative form (mos-o-gat) has an own non-frequentative meaning |
| mosogatgat |
mosogat |
to do the dishes |
to do the dishes slowly and effortlessly |
as the frequentative "mosogat" has a non frequentative meaning, it can be affixed by -GAT to make it frequentative |
| dolgozgat |
dolgozik |
to work |
to work with less effort and intensity, as in: "Ők fizetgetnek, én dolgozgatok" (They pretend to pay me, I pretend to work.) |
the "-ik" at the end of "dolgozik" is an irregular ending which is only effective in third person singular, so -GAT sticks to "dolgoz" which is the root of the word |
Latin
In Latin, frequentative verbs show repeated or intense action. They are formed from the supine stem with -tāre/-sāre, -itāre, -titāre/-sitāre added.
- ventitāre, 'come frequently or repeatedly' (< venio, 'come'; see Catullus 8, l. 4)
- cantāre, '(continue to) sing' (< canere, 'sing a song')
- cursāre, 'run around' (< currere, 'run')
- dictāre, 'dictate' (< dīcere, 'speak, say')
- āctitāre, 'zealously agitate' and agitāre, 'put into motion' (< agere, 'do, drive')
- pulsāre, 'push/beat around' (< pellere, 'push (once), beat')
- iactāre, 'shake, disturb' (< iacere, 'throw, cast')
The deponent verb minari ('threaten') has frequentives of both deponent and active form: minitari and minitare.
Lithuanian
In Lithuanian, the past iterative or frequentative signifies a single action repeated in the past.
The past iterative does not exist in Latvian and its construction is different in the Samogitian dialect of Lithuanian.
It is created from the infinitive without the infinitive suffix -ti + dav + suffix for frequentative.
For example:
- dirbti — dirbau — dirbdavau "to work — to work occasionally — to work regularly (repeated action in the past)"
| |
dirbti = to work |
norėti = to want |
skaityti = to read |
| 1. sg. |
dirb-dav-au |
norė-dav-au |
skaity-dav-au |
| 2. sg. |
dirb-dav-ai |
norė-dav-ai |
skaity-dav-ai |
| 3. sg. |
dirb-dav-o |
norė-dav-o |
skaity-dav-o |
| 1. pl. |
dirb-dav-ome |
norė-dav-ome |
skaity-dav-ome |
| 2. pl. |
dirb-dav-ote |
norė-dav-ote |
skaity-dav-ote |
| 3. pl |
dirb-dav-o |
norė-dav-o |
skaity-dav-o |
Polish
In the Polish language, certain imperfective verbs ending in -ać denote repeated or habitual action.
- jeść (to eat) → jadać (to eat habitually)
- chodzić (to walk) → chadzać
- widzieć (to see) → widywać
- pisać (to write) → pisywać
- czytać (to read) → czytywać
The interfix -yw- used to form many frequentative verbs has a different function for prefixed perfective verbs: it serves to create their imperfective equivalents. For instance, rozczytywać (to try to read something barely legible) is simply an imperfective equivalent of rozczytać (to succeed at reading something barely legible).
Russian
In the Russian language, the frequentative form of verbs to denote a repeated or customary action is produced by inserting the suffix -ив/-ыв, often accompanied with a change in the root of the word (vowel alternation, change of the last root consonant).
- видеть (to see) → видывать (to see repeatedly)
- сидеть (to sit) → сиживать
- ходить (to walk) → хаживать
- носить (to wear) → нашивать
- гладить (to stroke) → поглаживать
- писать (to write) → пописывать
- An interesting example is with the word брать (to take); an archaic usage recorded among hunters, normally used in the past tense, in hunter's boasting: бирал, бирывал meaning "used to take (quite a few) trophies".
Turkish
Turkish also has a similar form. The 'helping verbs' ( 'yardımcı eylem' / 'yardımcı fiil' ) are used as suffixes to denote ability ( '-ebilmek' ), imminence ('-ivermek'), close miss (narrow escape) situation ('-eyazmak'), and repetition ('-egelmek' or '-edurmak').[citation needed]
- anlat- (to recite) → anlatagelmek (to be reciting repetitively.)
For other helping verbs, see Helping verbs section under Turkish grammar.
Reduplication
The simplest way to produce a frequentative is reduplication, either of the entire word or of one of its phonemes. This is common in Austronesian languages, although reduplication also serves to pluralize and intensify nouns and adjectives. Examples in Niuean are available here.
See also
- Continuous and progressive aspects
- Inchoative verb
References
- Gildersleeve, B. L. (1895). Gildersleeve's Latin Grammar. Bolchazy-Carducci. ISBN 0-86516-477-0.
- ^ Greek Grammar, par. 495: iterative imperfects and aorists.
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Grammatical and lexical aspects
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| Complete vs. incomplete |
- Perfective
- Aorist
- Momentane
- Semelfactive#
- Imperfective
- Continuous and progressive
- Delimitative
- Imperfect
- Iterative/distributive/frequentative#
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| Generic vs. episodic |
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| Beginning vs. ending |
- Inchoative aspect/verb#
- Cessative
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| Relative time |
- Perfect (Retrospective)
- Prospective
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#Lexical aspects. Grammatical aspects unmarked.
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