通性細胞内寄生菌
WordNet
- of or relating to the mental faculties
- able to exist under more than one set of conditions; "a facultative parasite can exist as a parasite or a saprophyte"
- granting a privilege or permission or power to do or not do something; "a facultative enactment"
- not compulsory; "facultative courses in the sciences"
- an animal or plant that lives in or on a host (another animal or plant); it obtains nourishment from the host without benefiting or killing the host
- located or occurring within a cell or cells; "intracellular fluid"
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 寄生動物,寄生虫,寄生植物 / いそうろう,寄食者
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/08/29 15:07:17」(JST)
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Intracellular parasites are microparasites that are capable of growing and reproducing inside the cells of a host.
Contents
- 1 Facultative
- 2 Obligate
- 3 Nutrition
- 4 Susceptibility
- 5 See also
- 6 References
Facultative
Facultative intracellular parasites are capable of living and reproducing either inside or outside cells.
Bacterial examples include:
- Bartonella henselae
- Francisella tularensis
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Salmonella typhi[1]
- Brucella
- Legionella
- Mycobacterium
- Nocardia
- Rhodococcus equi[2]
- Yersinia
- Neisseria meningitidis[3]
Fungal examples include:
- Histoplasma capsulatum.[4]
- Cryptococcus neoformans[5]
Obligate
Two apicomplexans,
Toxoplasma gondii, within their host cell. Transmission electron microscopy
Obligate intracellular parasites cannot reproduce outside their host cell, meaning that the parasite's reproduction is entirely reliant on intracellular resources.
Obligate intracellular parasites of humans include:
- Viruses
- Certain bacteria, including:
- Chlamydia, and closely related species.[6]
- Rickettsia
- Coxiella
- Certain species of Mycobacterium such as Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Certain protozoa, including:
- Apicomplexans (Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum[7])
- Trypanosomatids (Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi)
- Certain fungi
- Pneumocystis jirovecii[8]
The mitochondria in eukaryotic cells may also have originally been such parasites, but ended up forming a mutualistic relationship (endosymbiotic theory).[9]
Study of obligate pathogens is difficult because they cannot usually be reproduced outside the host. However, in 2009 scientists reported a technique allowing the Q-fever pathogen Coxiella burnetii to grow in an axenic culture and suggested the technique may be useful for study of other pathogens.[10]
Nutrition
The majority of intracellular parasites must keep host cells alive as long as possible while they are reproducing and growing. In order to grow, they need nutrients that might be scarce in their free form in the cell. To study the mechanism that intracellular parasites use to obtain nutrients, Legionella pneumophila, a facultative intracellular parasite, has been used as a model. It is known that Legionella pneumophila obtains nutrients by promoting host proteasomal degradation. Self-degradation of host proteins into amino acids provides the parasite with its primary carbon and energy source.[11]
Susceptibility
People with T cell deficiencies are particularly susceptible to intracellular pathogens.[12]
See also
References
- ^ Jantsch, J.; Chikkaballi, D.; Hensel, M. (2011). "Cellular aspects of immunity to intracellular Salmonella enterica". Immunological Reviews. 240 (1): 185–195. PMID 21349094. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00981.x.
- ^ Kelly, B. G.; Wall, D. M.; Boland, C. A.; Meijer, W. G. (2002). "Isocitrate lyase of the facultative intracellular pathogen Rhodococcus equi". Microbiology. 148 (Pt 3): 793–798. PMID 11882714. doi:10.1099/00221287-148-3-793.
- ^ Spinosa MR, Progida C, Talà A, Cogli L, Alifano P, Bucci C (July 2007). "The Neisseria meningitidis capsule is important for intracellular survival in human cells". Infect. Immun. 75 (7): 3594–603. PMC 1932921 . PMID 17470547. doi:10.1128/IAI.01945-06.
- ^ Sebghati TS, Engle JT, Goldman WE (November 2000). "Intracellular parasitism by Histoplasma capsulatum: fungal virulence and calcium dependence". Science. 290 (5495): 1368–72. PMID 11082066. doi:10.1126/science.290.5495.1368.
- ^ Alvarez, M.; Burns, T.; Luo, Y.; Pirofski, L. A.; Casadevall, A. (2009). "The outcome of Cryptococcus neoformans intracellular pathogenesis in human monocytes". BMC Microbiology. 9: 51. PMC 2670303 . PMID 19265539. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-9-51.
- ^ Amann R, Springer N, Schönhuber W, et al. (January 1997). "Obligate intracellular bacterial parasites of acanthamoebae related to Chlamydia spp". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 63 (1): 115–21. PMC 168308 . PMID 8979345.
- ^ Deng, M.; Lancto, C. A.; Abrahamsen, M. S. (2004). "Cryptosporidium parvum regulation of human epithelial cell gene expression". International Journal for Parasitology. 34 (1): 73–82. PMID 14711592. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.10.001.
- ^ Page 28 in: Title: Rook's textbook of dermatology, Volume 4, Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, Tony Burns (FRCP.) Authors: Arthur Rook, Tony Burns (FRCP.) Edition: 8 Publisher: John Wiley and Sons, 2010 ISBN 1-4051-6169-8, ISBN 978-1-4051-6169-5
- ^ Lynn Sagan (1967). "On the origin of mitosing cells". J Theor Biol. 14 (3): 255–274. PMID 11541392. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(67)90079-3.
- ^ Omsland, Anders; Cockrell, Diane C.; Howe, Dale; Fischer, Elizabeth R.; Virtaneva, Kimmo; Sturdevant, Daniel E.; Porcella, Stephen F.; Heinzen, Robert A. (Mar 17, 2009). "Host cell-free growth of the Q fever bacterium Coxiella burnetii". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 106 (11): 4430–4. PMC 2657411 . PMID 19246385. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812074106.
- ^ Heuner K; Swanson M (editors). (2008). Legionella: Molecular Microbiology. Caister Academic Press.
- ^ Page 432, Chapter 22, in: Jones, Jane; Bannister, Barbara A.; Gillespie, Stephen H. (2006). Infection: Microbiology and Management. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-2665-5.
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Host Immune Response to Histophilus somni.
- Corbeil LB1.
- Current topics in microbiology and immunology.Curr Top Microbiol Immunol.2016 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
- Histophilus somni is known to cause several overlapping syndromes or to be found in genital or upper respiratory carrier states in ruminants. Vaccines have been used for decades, yet efficacy is controversial and mechanisms of protective immunity are not well understood. Since H. somni survives phag
- PMID 26728062
- ENDOGENOUS ENDOPHTHALMITIS CAUSED BY BRUCELLA MELITENSIS.
- Al-Kharashi AS1.
- Retinal cases & brief reports.Retin Cases Brief Rep.2015 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print]
- PURPOSE: Brucella is an intracellular gram-negative pathogen that acts as a facultative parasite. B. Melitensis endogenous endophthalmitis is quite rare. We herein report an unusual case of B. melitensis endophthalmitis with a good outcome after appropriate management.METHODS: A retrospective interv
- PMID 26444521
- Surveillance of parasitic Legionella in surface waters by using immunomagnetic separation and amoebae enrichment.
- Hsu TK1, Wu SF, Hsu BM, Kao PM, Tao CW, Shen SM, Ji WT, Huang WC, Fan CW.
- Pathogens and global health.Pathog Glob Health.2015 Sep 16:1-8. [Epub ahead of print]
- Free-living amoebae (FLA) are potential reservoirs of Legionella in aquatic environments. However, the parasitic relationship between various Legionella and amoebae remains unclear. In this study, surface water samples were gathered from two rivers for evaluating parasitic Legionella. Warmer water t
- PMID 26373823
Japanese Journal
- CLONING AND NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES OF IRON AND COPPER-ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE GENES OF <I>LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA</I> AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION AMONG <I>LEGIONELLA</I> SPECIES
- 前川 純子,倉 文明,渡辺 治雄
- Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology 49(4), 167-186, 1996
- … A facultative intracellular parasite <I>Legionella pneumophila</I> …
- NAID 130003953517
- 感染症に対するリポソーム封入抗生剤の治療効果 : 2.マウスにおける肺炎球菌感染に対するリポソーム封入ストレプトマイシンの治療効果
- 河合 真弓,笹原 武志,秋山 武久
- 北里医学 16(4), 203-210, 1986-08-31
- … 前報では,マウスにとって facultative intracellular bacteria である腸炎菌の強毒株を静脈感染し,24時間以降にストレプトマイシンの治療を開始した時には救命効果がほとんど皆無に近いにもかかわらず,同抗生剤をリポソームに封入して,同じく,尾静脈から投与すると,劇的な治療効果が発揮されて全員が生残したことを述べた。 …
- NAID 110004693404
- 感染症におけるhost-parasite relationshipの分子生物学的解析第2報 : hydroxyapatiteクロマトグラフィーを併用したreassociation kineticsによる宿主と寄生体細胞のDNA塩基配列相同性の検査
- 江刺家 幾子,松岡 孝雄,秋山 武久
- 北里医学 12(1), 54-61, 1982-02-28
- … 我々は,感染症で認められるhost-parasite relationshipが宿主細胞と寄生細胞のDNAの塩基配列相同性の大小によって決められるという作業仮説を持ち,前報ではサルモネラ属の数種の細菌と数種の動物との間で,フィルターによるhybridizationテストを応用することにより,細胞内増殖を許す宿主対細菌の間では細胞外増殖しか許さないそれの間よりもDNA塩基配列が有意に大きいことを明らかにした。 …
- NAID 110004691488
Related Links
- Facultative Facultative intracellular parasites are capable of living and reproducing either inside or outside cells. Bacterial examples include Francisella tularensis Listeria monocytogenes Salmonella [1] Brucella Legionella
- Intracellular parasite An organism which can only feed and live within the cell of a different animal. Mentioned in: Scrub Typhus ... Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other ...
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- facultative intracellular parasite
- 関
- リステリア・モノサイトゲネス、細胞内寄生菌
臨床関連
-
[★]
- 関
- accidental, arbitrarily, arbitrary, elective, episodic, episodically, facultatively, optional, volitional
[★]
寄生虫、寄生体、寄生生物
- 関
- parasitic、parasitic worm、vermin、worm
[★]
- 関
- adv. intracellularly