n.

(蠕虫や寄生虫など)虫、寄生虫

関: bug、parasite、parasitic、parasitic worm、vermin

WordNet

any of numerous relatively small elongated soft-bodied animals especially of the phyla Annelida and Chaetognatha and Nematoda and Nemertea and Platyhelminthes; also many insect larvae
screw thread on a gear with the teeth of a worm wheel or rack
a person who has a nasty or unethical character undeserving of respect (同)louse, insect, dirt ball
a software program capable of reproducing itself that can spread from one computer to the next over a network; "worms take advantage of automatic file sending and receiving features found on many computers"
a fault or defect in a computer program, system, or machine (同)glitch
a small hidden microphone; for listening secretly
general term for any insect or similar creeping or crawling invertebrate
any of various small animals or insects that are pests; e.g. cockroaches or rats; "cereals must be protected from mice and other vermin"; "he examined the childs head for vermin"; "boys in the village have probably been shooting vermin"
an irritating or obnoxious person (同)varmint
of plants or persons; having the nature or habits of a parasite or leech; living off another; "a wealthy class parasitic upon the labor of the masses"; "parasitic vines that strangle the trees"; "bloodsucking blackmailer"; "his indolent leechlike existence" (同)parasitical, leechlike, bloodsucking
relating to or caused by parasites; "parasitic infection" (同)parasitical
an animal or plant that lives in or on a host (another animal or plant); it obtains nourishment from the host without benefiting or killing the host
the luminous larva or wingless grub-like female of a firefly
wormlike arthropod having two pairs of hooks at the sides of the mouth; parasitic in nasal sinuses of mammals (同)pentastomid
any of various small free-living plant-parasitic roundworms

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(細長く柔らかい)『虫』(毛虫・うじ虫・ミミズ・回虫など) / 〈C〉(形・動きが)ミミズなどに似たもの,(いも虫状の)ねじのらせん / 〈C〉虫けらのような人間;哀れな(下劣な)人 / 《複数形で;単数扱い》寄生虫病 / (虫のように)体をくねらせて進む / …から寄生虫を駆除する
《米》昆虫,(一般に)虫;(特に)カデトムシ(beetle) / 《おもに英》=bedbug / 《話》病原菌 / 《話》(機械の)故障 / 《話》(病的な)熱狂家;《the ~》…熱 / 《話》隠しマイク / …‘に'隠しマイクを取リ付ける / 《おもに米》…'を'悩ます,てこずらせる
害獣,害鳥,害虫 / 世を毒する者,ならず者
寄生動物,寄生虫,寄生植物 / いそうろう,寄食者
ツチボタル(雌は羽がなく尾の先から微光を放つ)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/02 21:34:39」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Lumbricus terrestris, the common earthworm.

White tentacles of Eupolymnia crasscornis below red sea urchin in Kona, Hawaii

An inchworm.

The term worm /ˈwɜrm/ is used in everyday language to describe many different distantly related animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body and no limbs. Worms vary in size from microscopic to over 1 metre (3.3 ft) in length for marine polychaete worms (bristle worms),^[1] 6.7 metres (22 ft) for the African giant earthworm, Microchaetus,^[2]^{[dead link]} and 58 metres (190 ft) for the marine nemertean worm (bootlace worm), Lineus longissimus.^[3] Various types of worm occupy a small variety of parasitic niches, living inside the bodies of other animals. Free-living worm species do not live on land, but instead live in marine or freshwater environments, or underground by burrowing.

In biology, "worm" refers to an obsolete taxon (vermes) used by Carolus Linnaeus and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck for all non-arthropod invertebrate animals, and stems from the Old English word wyrm. Most animals called "worms" are invertebrates, but the term is also used for the amphibian caecilians and the slow worm Anguis, a legless burrowing lizard. Invertebrate animals commonly called "worms" include annelids (earthworms), nematodes (roundworms), platyhelminthes (flatworms), marine polychaete worms (bristle worms), marine nemertean worms ("bootlace worms"), marine Chaetognatha (arrow worms), priapulid worms, and insect larvae such as grubs and maggots.

Worms may also be called helminths, particularly in medical terminology when referring to parasitic worms, especially the Nematoda (roundworms) and Cestoda (tapeworms) which reside in the intestines of their host. When an animal or human is said to "have worms", it means that it is infested with parasitic worms, typically roundworms or tapeworms.

Distribution and habitat

Worms live in almost all parts of the world including marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. Some worms living in the ground help to condition the soil (e.g., annelids, aschelminths). Many thrive as parasites of plants (e.g., aschelminths) and animals, including humans (e.g., platyhelminths, aschelminths). Several other worms may be free-living, or non parasitic. There are worms that live in freshwater, seawater, and even on the seashore. Ecologically, worms form an important link in the food chains in virtually all the ecosystems of the world.

In the United States, the average population of worms per acre is 53,767.^[4]

Northern forests in America were once worm free.^[5]

Classification

In everyday language, the term worm is also applied to various other living forms such as larvae, insects, centipedes, shipworms (teredo worms), or even some vertebrates (creatures with a backbone) such as blindworms and caecilians. Worms can be divided into several groups, but are still technically decomposers.

The first of these, Platyhelminthes, includes the flatworms, tapeworms, and flukes. They have a flat, ribbon- or leaf-shaped body with a pair of eyes at the front. Some are parasites.
The second group contains the threadworms, roundworms, and hookworms. This phylum is called Nematoda. Threadworms may be microscopic, such as the vinegar eelworm, or more than 1 metre (3 feet) long. They are found in damp earth, moss, decaying substances, fresh water, or salt water. Some roundworms are also parasites. The Guinea worm, for example, gets under the skin of the feet and legs of people living in tropical countries.
The third group consists of the segmented worms, with bodies divided into segments, or rings. This phylum is called Annelida. Among these are the earthworms and the bristle worms of the sea.

In earlier taxonomic classification, all the above were included in the now obsolete group Vermes.

There are hundreds of thousands of species that live in a wide variety of habitats other than soil. Over time this broad definition narrowed to the modern definition, although this still includes several different animal groups.

Earthworm

To most people the most familiar worms^{[citation needed]} are the earthworms, members of phylum Annelida. Earthworms in general have been around for 120 million years. They enrich and aerate the soil; Charles Darwin found that worms turn over the top six inches (15 cm) of topsoil every 20 years in a field near where he lived. In less favourable conditions, such as waterlogged soils or hard soil deficient in suitable organic matter, or in seasonally dry soils, they cannot achieve anything like that. They lack a brain in the sense of the vertebrate brain, but have nerve centers (called ganglia); they also lack eyes but can sense light with photoreceptors. Worms are hermaphrodites (both sexes in one animal) but can cross fertilize.

Other invertebrate groups may be called worms, especially colloquially. In particular, many unrelated insect larvae are called "worms", such as the railroad worm, woodworm, glowworm, bloodworm, inchworm, mealworm, silkworm, and wooly bear worm.

Worms may also be called helminths, particularly in medical terminology when referring to parasitic worms, especially the Nematoda (roundworms) and Cestoda (tapeworms). Hence "helminthology" is the study of parasitic worms. When a human or an animal, such as a dog or horse, is said to "have worms", it means that it is infested with parasitic worms, typically roundworms or tapeworms. Deworming is a method to kill off the worms that have infected a human or animal by giving anthelmintic drugs.

"Ringworm" is not a worm at all, but a skin fungus.

Characteristics

Paragordius tricuspidatus (Nematomorpha)

Some species of earthworms have a tongue-like lobe above the mouth called prostomium. The prostomium is actually a sensory device. Earthworms do not have a nose, eyes, ears, or hands to gather sensory information about their environment. Instead, they depend on their prostomium and sensory receptors in their skin to "feel" their way through the soil. Worms usually have a cylindrical, flattened, or leaf-like body shape and are often without any true limbs or appendages. Instead, they may have bristles or fins that help them move. A few have light-sensing organs. Worms vary in size from less than 1 mm (0.04 inch) in certain aschelminths to more than 30 m (100 feet) in certain ribbon worms. Recently, researchers have found electromagnetic sensor in the worm's brain, worms use it to detect earth's magnetic field and facilitate the underground navigation.^[6]^[7]

Some worms reproduce sexually. Hermaphroditism, the condition in which a single individual possesses both male and female reproductive parts, is common in many groups of worms. Asexual reproduction, whereby new individuals develop from the body cells of another, also occurs in some worms.

Worm species differ in their abilities to move about on their own. Many species have bodies with no major muscles, and cannot move on their own—they must be moved by forces or other animals in their environment. Many other species have bodies with major muscles and can move on their own; they are a type of muscular hydrostat. Many species of worms are decomposers; they break down dead plants and animals to return nutrients to the soil. They have also been known to infiltrate households feeding on food in the early stages of decomposition, namely breads and cheeses^{[citation needed]}.

Earthworms are divided into three different categories. The first are the surface dwellers, the Epigeic worms. Then there are the upper soil worms, the Endogeic worms. Finally, there are the deep burrowing species, the Anecic.

Society and culture

Historically, English-speaking cultures have used the (now deprecated) terms worm, Wurm, or wyrm to describe carnivorous reptiles ("serpents"), and the related mythical beasts dragons.

The term worm can also be used as an insult or pejorative term used towards people to describe a cowardly or weak individual or individual seen as pitiable.

Imagery in the arts

Worms are sometimes used as a metaphor of putrefaction or corruption; a corpse may be said to be "fed to the worms".

Examples:

"A man may fish with the worm that hath eat of a king, and eat of the fish that hath fed of that worm" Hamlet, Shakespeare
"But let concealment, like a worm i' the bud, Feed on her damask cheek: she pin'd in thought" Twelfth Night, Shakespeare
The Battleship Potemkin
"The Conqueror Worm", a poem in Edgar Allan Poe's short story "Ligeia"
"The Festival", a short story by H. P. Lovecraft
The Wall, Pink Floyd. Worms are used to represent the main character's slipping grasp on reality, and are "eating into his brain"

References

^ "Cornwall – Nature – Superstar Worm". BBC.
^ Keely Parrack (21 June 2005) "The Mighty Worm". Worm Digest.
^ Mark Carwardine (1995) The Guinness Book of Animal Records. Guinness Publishing. p. 232.
^ "Average US Worm Population" Popular Mechanics], October 1950, p. 158, small article bottom of page.
^ Charles C. Mann (May 2007) America, Found and Lost. National Geographic
^ "Worms have an electromagnetic sensor in their brain". UPI.
^ "Researchers discover first sensor of Earth's magnetic field in an animal". phys.org.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 腸管条虫 intestinal tapeworms
2. 鉤虫感染 hookworm infection
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English Journal

Can aquatic worms enhance methane production from waste activated sludge?

Serrano A1, Hendrickx TL2, Elissen HH3, Laarhoven B4, Buisman CJ4, Temmink H5.
Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2016 Jul;211:51-7. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.061. Epub 2016 Mar 14.
Although literature suggests that aquatic worms can help to enhance the methane production from excess activated sludge, clear evidence for this is missing. Therefore, anaerobic digestion tests were performed at 20 and at 30°C with sludge from a high-loaded membrane bioreactor, the aquatic worm Lum
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Assessment of metal toxicity and bioavailability in metallophyte leaf litters and metalliferous soils using Eisenia fetida in a microcosm study.

Nirola R1, Megharaj M2, Venkateswarlu K3, Aryal R4, Correll R5, Naidu R2.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.2016 Jul;129:264-72. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.03.034. Epub 2016 Apr 6.
The leaf litters of tree species, Acacia pycnantha (Ap) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Ec), predominantly growing at an abandoned copper (Cu) mine and mine soils including controls, were assessed for determining the metal toxicity and bioavailability using earthworm species Eisenia fetida, in a micro
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Comparative avoidance behaviour of the earthworm Eisenia fetida towards chloride, nitrate and sulphate salts of Cd, Cu and Zn using filter paper and extruded water agar gels as exposure media.

Demuynck S1, Lebel A2, Grumiaux F3, Pernin C1, Leprêtre A1, Lemière S1.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.2016 Jul;129:66-74. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.03.013. Epub 2016 Mar 17.
We studied the avoidance behaviour of the earthworm Eisenia fetida towards Cd, Cu, and Zn, trace elements (TEs) tested as chloride, nitrate and sulphate salts. Sub adults were exposed individually using dual-cell chambers at 20+2°C in the dark. Recordings were realised at different dates from 2h to
PMID 26995062

Carcinogenesis associated with parasites other than Schistosoma, Opisthorchis and Clonorchis: A systematic review.

Machicado C1,2, Marcos LA3,4.
International journal of cancer.Int J Cancer.2016 Jun 15;138(12):2915-21. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30028. Epub 2016 Feb 19.
Only three helminths (Schistosoma haematobium, Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis) are directly associated with carcinogenesis in humans whereas the role of other parasites in cancer remains unclear. This study aimed to perform a systematic review to identify recent insights in the role
PMID 26840624

Japanese Journal

電動パワーステアリング用ウォーム式減速機におけるかみあい変動解析技術の確立 (ステアリング・駆動関連技術特集号)

JTEKT engineering journal (1013), 60-65, 2015-10
NAID 40020638953

電動パワーステアリング用樹脂製ウォームホイール歯面におけるトライボロジー挙動の解明 (ステアリング・駆動関連技術特集号)

JTEKT engineering journal (1013), 29-35, 2015-10
NAID 40020638828

Optimal dietary protein to energy ratio for juvenile peanut worm Sipunculus nudus Linnaeus

Fisheries science 81(4), 713-722, 2015-07
NAID 40020530245

ミミズ遣いのワザ (生きもの驚異の世界 : 進化と行動の科学) -- (驚異の行動)

別冊日経サイエンス (206), 67-71, 2015-06
NAID 40020513089

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「寄生虫」「parasitic」「vermin」「parasitic worm」「parasite」
拡張検索	「tapeworm infection」

「寄生虫」

Worms
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Subkingdom:	Eumetazoa
(unranked):	Bilateria; Hatschek, 1888
Phyla
	Annelida (segmented worms); Arthropoda (inchworms, sometimes called "canker worms"); Chaetognatha (arrow worms); Gnathostomulid (jaw worms); Hemichordata (acorn/tongue worms); Nematoda (roundworms); Nematomorpha (horsehair worms); Nemertea (ribbonworms); Onychophora (velvet worms); Phoronida (horseshoe worms); Platyhelminthes (flatworms); Priapulida (phallus worms); Sipuncula (peanut worms);