WordNet

obtain or arrange (for oneself) in advance; "We managed to reserve a table at Maxims"
something kept back or saved for future use or a special purpose (同)backlog, stockpile
(medicine) potential capacity to respond in order to maintain vital functions
the trait of being uncommunicative; not volunteering anything more than necessary (同)reticence, taciturnity
arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance; "reserve me a seat on a flight"; "The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family"; "please hold a table at Maxims" (同)hold, book
hold back or set aside, especially for future use or contingency; "they held back their applause in anticipation"
a relative amount; "mix one volume of the solution with ten volumes of water"
the amount of 3-dimensional space occupied by an object; "the gas expanded to twice its original volume"
the magnitude of sound (usually in a specified direction); "the kids played their music at full volume" (同)loudness, intensity
a publication that is one of a set of several similar publications; "the third volume was missing"; "he asked for the 1989 volume of the Annual Review"
furnished with volumes; "a large room volumed with ancient books"
(often used in combination) consisting of or having a given number or kind of volumes; "the poets volumed works"; "a two-volumed history"; "multi-volumed encyclopedias"; "large-volumed editions"
formed or rising in rounded masses; "gasping with the volumed smoke"
set aside for the use of a particular person or party
marked by self-restraint and reticence; "was habitually reserved in speech, withholding her opinion"-Victoria Sackville-West
of or relating to the breathing out phase of respiration

PrepTutorEJDIC

(特定の人・目的などのために)…‘を'『別にしておく』,『取っておく』;…‘を'『予約する』《+『名』+『for』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / (…のために)…‘を'『残しておく』,蓄えておく《+『名』+『for』+『名』》 / 〈権利など〉‘を'保留する / 〈C〉(特定の目的や将来使うために)取っておくもの,(…にための)蓄え《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…のために)取っておかれた状態《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(特別の目的のため取ってある公の)特別保留地 / 〈U〉慎み,自制(self-control) / 〈C〉(政府・銀行などの)準備金,予備金,積立金 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》予備軍 / 蓄えてある,予備の
〈C〉(特に分厚い)『本』,書物 / 〈C〉(シリーズものの)『巻』,冊(《略》(単数形で)vol.,(複数形で)vols.) / 〈U〉(…の)『体積』,容積《+of+名》 / 〈U〉〈C〉)…の)『量』,かさ《+of+名》 / 〈U〉(…の)『音量』,音の強さ,ボリューム《+of+名》 / 《複数形で》多量(の…),たくさん(の…)《+of+名》
予約の,貸し切りの / (人,人の言動が)控え目な,遠慮がちな,打ちとけない
(肺から)息を吐く,呼気の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/16 15:55:00」(JST)

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Lung volumes and lung capacities refer to the volume of air associated with different phases of the respiratory cycle. Lung volumes are directly measured; Lung capacities are inferred from lung volumes.

The average total lung capacity of an adult human male is about 6 litres of air,^[1] but only a small amount of this capacity is used during normal breathing.

Tidal breathing is normal, resting breathing; the tidal volume is the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled in only a single such breath.

The average human respiratory rate is 30-60 breaths per minute at birth,^[2] decreasing to 12-20 breaths per minute in adults.^[3]

Factors affecting volumes

Several factors affect lung volumes; some can be controlled and some cannot. Lung volumes vary with different people as follows:

Larger volumes	Smaller volumes
taller people	shorter people
people who live at higher altitudes	people who live at lower altitudes
non obese	obese^[4]

A person who is born and lives at sea level will develop a slightly smaller lung capacity than a person who spends their life at a high altitude. This is because the partial pressure of oxygen is lower at higher altitude which, as a result means that oxygen less readily diffuses into the bloodstream. In response to higher altitude, the body's diffusing capacity increases in order to process more air.

When someone living at or near sea level travels to locations at high altitudes (e.g., the Andes; Denver, Colorado; Tibet; the Himalayas) that person can develop a condition called altitude sickness because their lungs remove adequate amounts of carbon dioxide but they do not take in enough oxygen. (In normal individuals, carbon dioxide is the primary determinant of respiratory drive.)

Specific changes in lung volumes also occur during pregnancy. Functional residual capacity drops 18–20%,^[5] typically falling from 1.7 to 1.35 litres,^{[citation needed]} due to the compression of the diaphragm by the uterus.^{[citation needed]} The compression also causes a decreased total lung capacity (TLC) by 5%^[5] and decreased expiratory reserve volume by 20%.^[5] Tidal volume increases by 30–40%, from 0.5 to 0.7 litres,^[5] and minute ventilation by 30–40%^[5]^[6] giving an increase in pulmonary ventilation. This is necessary to meet the increased oxygen requirement of the body, which reaches 50 mL/min, 20 mL of which goes to reproductive tissues. Overall, the net change in maximum breathing capacity is zero.^[5]

Values

**Average lung volumes in healthy adults**^[7]
Volume	Value (litres)
Volume	In men	In women
Inspiratory reserve volume	3.1	1.9
Tidal volume	0.5	0.5
Expiratory reserve volume	1.2	0.7
Residual volume	1.2	1.1

**Lung capacities in healthy adults**^[7]
Volume	Average value (litres)		Derivation
Volume	In men	In women	Derivation
Vital capacity	4.6	3.1	IRV plus TV plus ERV
Inspiratory capacity	3.5	2.4	IRV plus TV
Functional residual capacity	2.3	1.8	ERV plus RV
Total lung capacity	5.8	4.2	IRV plus TV plus ERV plus RV

The tidal volume, vital capacity, inspiratory capacity and expiratory reserve volume can be measured directly with a spirometer. These are the basic elements of a ventilatory pulmonary function test.

Determination of the residual volume is more difficult as it is impossible to "completely" breathe out. Therefore measurement of the residual volume has to be done via indirect methods such as radiographic planimetry, body plethysmography, closed circuit dilution (including the helium dilution technique) and nitrogen washout.

In absence of such, estimates of residual volume have been prepared as a proportion of body mass for infants (18.1 mL/kg),^[8] or as a proportion of vital capacity (0.24 for men and 0.28 for women)^[9] or in relation to height and age ((0.0275* Age [Years]+0.0189*Height [cm]-2.6139) litres for normal-mass individuals and (0.0277*Age [Years]+0.0138*Height [cm]-2.3967) litres for overweight individuals).^[10] Standard errors in prediction equations for residual volume have been measured at 579 mL for men and 355 mL for women, while the use of 0.24*FVC gave a standard error of 318 mL.^[11]

Online calculators are available that can compute predicted lung volumes, and other spirometric parameters based on a patient's age, height, weight, and ethnic origin for many reference sources.

Restrictive and obstructive

Scheme of changes in lung volumes in restricted and obstructed lung in comparison with healthy lung.

The results (in particular FEV1/FVC and FRC) can be used to distinguish between restrictive and obstructive pulmonary diseases:

Type	Examples	Description	FEV1/FVC
restrictive diseases	pulmonary fibrosis, Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome, weak respiratory muscles, pneumothorax	volumes are decreased	often in a normal range (0.8 - 1.0)
obstructive diseases	asthma or COPD or Emphysema	volumes are essentially normal but flow rates are impeded	often low (Asthma can reduce the ratio to 0.6, Emphysema can reduce the ratio to 0.78 - 0.45)

References

^ Marieb, Elaine; Hoehn, Katja (2010). Human Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Prentice Hall PTR. p. 824. ISBN 978-0-321-69415-7. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Scott L. DeBoer (4 November 2004). Emergency Newborn Care. Trafford Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4120-3089-2.
^ Wilburta Q. Lindh; Marilyn Pooler; Carol Tamparo; Barbara M. Dahl (9 March 2009). Delmar's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Administrative and Clinical Competencies. Cengage Learning. p. 573. ISBN 978-1-4354-1914-8.
^ Jones RL, Nzekwu MM. The effects of body mass index on lung volumes. Chest. 2006 Sep; 130 (3) :827–33. PubMed PMID 16963682.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Simpson, Kathleen Rice; Patricia A Creehan (2007). Perinatal Nursing (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-7817-6759-0.
^ Guyton and hall (2005). Textbook of Medical Physiology (11 ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 103g. ISBN 81-8147-920-3.
^ ^a ^b Ganong, William. "Fig. 35-7". Review of Medical Physiology (21st ed.).
^ Morris, Mohy G. (2010). "Comprehensive integrated spirometry using raised volume passive and forced expirations and multiple-breath nitrogen washout in infants". Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 170 (2): 123–140. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2009.10.010. ISSN 1569-9048. PMC 2858579. PMID 19897058.
^ Wilmore, J. H. (1969). "The use of actual predicted and constant residual volumes in the assessment of body composition by underwater weighing". Med Sci Sports 1: 87–90. doi:10.1249/00005768-196906000-00006.
^ MILLER, WAYNE C.; SWENSEN, THOMAS; WALLACE, JANET P. (February 1998). "Derivation of prediction equations for RV in overweight men and women". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 30 (2): 322–327. doi:10.1097/00005768-199802000-00023. PMID 9502364.
^ Morrow JR Jr, Jackson AS, Bradley PW, Hartung GH. (Dec 1986). "Accuracy of measured and predicted residual lung volume on body density measurement". Med Sci Sports Exerc 18 (6): 647–52. doi:10.1249/00005768-198612000-00007. PMID 3784877.

External links

Lung function fundamentals (anaesthetist.com)
RT Corner (educational site for RT's and nurses)
Volume of human lungs

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人における肺機能検査の概要 overview of pulmonary function testing in adults
2. 臨床現場での肺活量測定 office spirometry
3. 成人の急性呼吸窮迫症候群における機械的人工換気 mechanical ventilation of adults in acute respiratory distress syndrome
4. 小児における肺機能検査の概要 overview of pulmonary function testing in children
5. 脊髄損傷後の呼吸生理学的変化 respiratory physiologic changes following spinal cord injury

English Journal

Initial Effect of an Elastic Chest Band during Inspiratory Exercise on Chest Function Improvement in People with Limited Rib Mobility: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.

Kim JH, Park HK, Jeon SY, Oh DW, Park HJ, Park WJ.SourceDepartment of Physical Therapy, Sun Dental Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.
Physiotherapy research international : the journal for researchers and clinicians in physical therapy.Physiother Res Int.2012 Feb 15. doi: 10.1002/pri.1520. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: While performing respiratory training, an elastic chest band has great benefits for clinical use due to its safety and easy application. However, to our knowledge, there is no published data on the clinical use of an elastic chest band into inspiratory training for people wit
PMID 22337315

Resting cardiopulmonary function in Paralympic athletes with cervical spinal cord injury.

West CR, Campbell IG, Shave RE, Romer LM.SourceCentre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, Brunel University, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
Medicine and science in sports and exercise.Med Sci Sports Exerc.2012 Feb;44(2):323-9.
PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to describe resting cardiopulmonary function in highly trained athletes with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) and to compare the data with able-bodied (AB) control subjects.METHODS: Twelve Paralympic wheelchair rugby players with cervical SCI (injury level =
PMID 21720277

Japanese Journal

Analysis of anatomical and functional determinants of obstructive sleep apnea.

Aihara Kensaku,Oga Toru,Harada Yuka,Chihara Yuichi,Handa Tomohiro,Tanizawa Kiminobu,Watanabe Kizuku,Hitomi Takefumi,Tsuboi Tomomasa,Mishima Michiaki,Chin Kazuo
Sleep & breathing 16(2), 473-481, 2012-06
… [Purpose] Craniofacial abnormalities have an important role in the occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and may be particularly significant in Asian patients, although obesity and functional abnormalities such as reduced lung volume and increased airway resistance also may be important. …
NAID 120004247248

5種の体位における肺気量の比較

吉田忠義,小野部純,高橋一揮,鈴木誠,藤澤宏幸
リハビリテーション科学 : 東北文化学園大学医療福祉学部リハビリテーション学科紀要 4(1), 39-44, 2008-03
… %VC),%1回換気量(percentage tidal volume,TV),予備呼気量(percentage expiratory reserve volume, %ERV),予備吸気量(percentage inspiratory reserve volume, %IRV),努力性肺活量(forced vital capacity, FVC),努力性肺活量(percentage forced vital capacity, %FVC),一秒率(percentage of forced expiratory volume in one second, FEV_<1.0>%)を測定 …
NAID 110006966359

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「予備呼気量」「ERV」
関連記事	「reserve」「volume」「expiratory」

「予備呼気量」

TLC	Total lung capacity: the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation, the sum of VC and RV.
VT	Tidal volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing (VT indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in gas exchange calculation, the symbol VT or VT is used.)
RV	Residual volume: the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
ERV	Expiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume of air that can be exhaled from the end-expiratory position
IRV	Inspiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory level
IC	Inspiratory capacity: the sum of IRV and TV
IVC	Inspiratory vital capacity: the maximum volume of air inhaled from the point of maximum expiration
VC	Vital capacity: the volume of air breathed out after the deepest inhalation.
VT	Tidal volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing (VT indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in gas exchange calculation, the symbol VT or VT is used.)
FRC	Functional residual capacity: the volume in the lungs at the end-expiratory position
RV/TLC%	Residual volume expressed as percent of TLC
VA	Alveolar gas volume
VL	Actual volume of the lung including the volume of the conducting airway.
FVC	Forced vital capacity: the determination of the vital capacity from a maximally forced expiratory effort
FEVt	Forced expiratory volume (time): a generic term indicating the volume of air exhaled under forced conditions in the first t seconds
FEV1	Volume that has been exhaled at the end of the first second of forced expiration
FEFx	Forced expiratory flow related to some portion of the FVC curve; modifiers refer to amount of FVC already exhaled
FEFmax	The maximum instantaneous flow achieved during a FVC maneuver
FIF	Forced inspiratory flow: (Specific measurement of the forced inspiratory curve is denoted by nomenclature analogous to that for the forced expiratory curve. For example, maximum inspiratory flow is denoted FIFmax. Unless otherwise specified, volume qualifiers indicate the volume inspired from RV at the point of measurement.)
PEF	Peak expiratory flow: The highest forced expiratory flow measured with a peak flow meter
MVV	Maximal voluntary ventilation: volume of air expired in a specified period during repetitive maximal effort
	v; t; e;