taciturnity

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無口,口数の少ないこと,寡黙

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/03 19:29:26」(JST)

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Coptic, 8th century, National Museum in Warsaw

Silence is the lack of audible sound or presence of sounds of very low intensity. By analogy, the word silence can also refer to any absence of communication, including in media other than speech.^[1] Silence is also used as total communication, in reference to nonverbal communication and spiritual connection. Silence also refers to no sounds uttered by anybody in a room or area. Silence is an important factor in many cultural spectacles, as in rituals.

In discourse analysis, speakers use brief absences of speech to mark the boundaries of prosodic units. Silence in speech can be hesitation, stutters, self-correction—or deliberate slowing of speech to clarify or aid processing of ideas. These are short silences. Longer pauses in language occur in interactive roles, reactive tokens, or turn-taking.

According to cultural norms, silence can be positive or negative. For example, in a Christian Methodist faith organization silence and reflection during the sermons might be appreciated by the congregation, while in a Southern Baptist church, silence might mean disagreement with what is being said, or perhaps disconnectedness from the congregated community.

Gestures

No mobile phones are permitted in designated "quiet carriages" such as this one on a train operated by First Great Western in the UK.

Sometimes silence could mean that the person is in contemplation, reflecting on a subject. Nonetheless, as a culture Westerners are uncomfortable with silence.

In music

Music inherently depends on silence in some form or another to distinguish other periods of sound and allow dynamics, melodies and rhythms to have greater impact. For example, most music scores feature rests denoting periods of silence. In addition, silence in music can be seen as a time for contemplation to reflect on the piece . The audience feels the effects of the notes previous and can reflect on that moment intentionally. Silence doesn't hinder musical excellence but can enhance the sounds of instruments and vocals within the piece.^[2]

Some composers take the use of silence in music to an extreme. 4′33″ is an experimental musical work by avant-garde composer John Cage. Though first performed on the piano, the piece was composed for any instrument or instruments and is structured in three movements. The length of each movement is not fixed by the composer, but the total length of the combination of three movements is.

In debate

Argumentative silence is the rhetorical practice of saying nothing when an opponent in a debate expects something to be said. Poorly executed, it can be offensive, like refusing to answer a direct question. However, well-timed silence can throw an opponent off and give the debater the upper hand.

An argument from silence (Latin: argumentum ex silentio) is an argument based on the assumption that someone's silence on a matter suggests (an informal fallacy) that person's ignorance of the matter. In general, ex silentio refers to the claim that the absence of something demonstrates the proof of a proposition.

In law

The right to silence is a legal protection enjoyed by people undergoing police interrogation or trial in certain countries. The law is either explicit or recognized in many legal systems. Violation of the right to quiet enjoyment is a common law tort.

In danger

Joseph Jordania suggested that in social animals (including humans) silence can be a sign of danger. Many social animals produce seemingly haphazard sounds which are known as contact calls.^[3] These are a mixture of various sounds, accompanying the group's everyday business (for example, foraging, feeding), and they are used to maintain audio contact with the members of the group. Some social animal species communicate the signal of potential danger by stopping contact calls and freezing, without the use of alarm calls, through silence. Charles Darwin wrote about this in relation with wild horse and cattle.^[4] Joseph Jordania suggested that human humming could have been a contact method that early humans used to avoid silence.^[5] According to his suggestion, humans find prolonged silence distressing (suggesting danger to them). This may help explain why lone humans in relative sonic isolation feel a sense of comfort from humming, whistling, talking to themselves, or having the TV/radio on.

In spirituality

"Silence" in spirituality is often a metaphor for inner stillness. A silent mind, freed from the onslaught of thoughts and thought patterns, is both a goal and an important step in spiritual development. Such "inner silence" is not about the absence of sound; instead, it is understood to bring one in contact with the divine, the ultimate reality, or one's own true self, one's divine nature.^[6] Many religious traditions imply the importance of being quiet and still in mind and spirit for transformative and integral spiritual growth to occur. In Buddhism, the descriptions of silence and allowing the mind to become silent are implied as a feature of spiritual enlightenment. In Hinduism, including the teachings of Advaita Vedanta and the many paths of yoga, teachers insist on the importance of silence, Mauna, for inner growth. Perkey Avot, the Jewish Sages guide for living, states that, "Tradition is a safety fence to Torah, tithing a safety fence to wealth, vows a safety fence for abstinence; a safety fence for wisdom..... is silence." In some traditions of Quakerism, silence is an actual part of worship services and a time to allow the divine to speak in the heart and mind.^[7] Eckhart Tolle says that silence can be seen either as the absence of noise, or as the space in which sound exists, just as inner stillness can be seen as the absence of thought, or the space in which thoughts are perceived.

Commemorative silence

Soldiers bow their heads during a moment of silence before going on a commemorative march on Forward Operating Base Warrior, Kirkuk, Iraq, Sept. 11. The march gave Soldiers the opportunity to reflect on the tragedy that happened eight years prior.

A common way to remember a tragic incident and to remember the victims or casualties of such an event is a commemorative moment of silence.

References

^ "Silence | Define Silence at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
^ Cox, Christoph; Warner, Daniel (2004). Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music. :
^ Macedonia, J. (1986). Individuality in the contact call of the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta). American Journal of Primatology, 11, 163-179
^ Charles Darwin (2004). The Descent of Men. London: Penguin Books. pg. 123.
^ Jordania, J. (2009). Times to Fight and Times to Relax: Singing and Humming at the Beginnings of Human Evolutionary History. Kadmos, 1, 272–277
^ See Stephen Palmquist, Ontology and the Wonder of Silence, Part Four of The Tree of Philosophy (Hong Kong: Philopsychy Press, 2000. See also "Silence as the Ultimate Fulfillment of the Philosophical Quest", Journal Hekmat Va Falsafeh, (Journal of Wisdom and Philosophy), Issue 6 (August 2006), pp.67–76.
^ Britain Yearly Meeting, "Quaker Faith and Practice" Third Edition, 2005 (?), sections 2.01, 2.12–17 etc., The Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain, London, ISBN 0-85245-375-2 / ISBN 0-85245-374-4

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Silence

Look up silence, taciturn, or quiet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

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English Journal

Nurse strategies for optimising patient participation in nursing care.

Sahlsten MJ1, Larsson IE, Sjöström B, Plos KA.Author information 1School of Life Sciences, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden. monika.sahlsten@tele2.seAbstractTHE STUDY'S RATIONALE: Patient participation is an essential factor in nursing care and medical treatment and a legal right in many countries. Despite this, patients have experienced insufficient participation, inattention and neglect regarding their problems and may respond with dependence, passivity or taciturnity. Accordingly, nurses strategies for optimising patient participation in nursing care is an important question for the nursing profession.
Scandinavian journal of caring sciences.Scand J Caring Sci.2009 Sep;23(3):490-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2008.00649.x. Epub 2009 Jun 23.
THE STUDY'S RATIONALE: Patient participation is an essential factor in nursing care and medical treatment and a legal right in many countries. Despite this, patients have experienced insufficient participation, inattention and neglect regarding their problems and may respond with dependence, passivi
PMID 19552793

[Concept analysis of preparatory grief in terminal cancer patients].

Park HS1, Kim MS, Jung JS, Choi NY, Yu SM, Kim YS, Ko YH.Author information 1College of Nursing, Pusan National University.AbstractPURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to conceptualize and clarify a concept of "preparatory grief" in terminal cancer patients.
Taehan Kanho Hakhoe chi.Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi.2006 Aug;36(5):782-91.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to conceptualize and clarify a concept of "preparatory grief" in terminal cancer patients.METHOD: A hybrid model of concept development was applied to develop a concept of preparatory grief, which included a field study carried out in Busan, Korea. Participants
PMID 16953135

A long-term outcome study of selective mutism in childhood.

Steinhausen HC1, Wachter M, Laimböck K, Metzke CW.Author information 1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland. steinh@kjpd.unizh.chAbstractOBJECTIVE: Controlled study of the long-term outcome of selective mutism (SM) in childhood.
Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.J Child Psychol Psychiatry.2006 Jul;47(7):751-6.
OBJECTIVE: Controlled study of the long-term outcome of selective mutism (SM) in childhood.METHOD: A sample of 33 young adults with SM in childhood and two age- and gender-matched comparison groups were studied. The latter comprised 26 young adults with anxiety disorders in childhood (ANX) and 30 yo
PMID 16790010

Japanese Journal

皮質基底核変性症における運動障害優位側と前頭葉・認知症状の関係

福井俊哉
高次脳機能研究（旧失語症研究） 25(3), 259-267, 2005
皮質基底核変性症 (CBD) は多彩な前頭葉・認知症状を呈するが, 運動症状との関連については十分に解明されていない。今回, 平均3年の経過中に診断基準を満たしたCBD14例における運動障害優位側と前頭葉・認知症状の関連を明らかにすることを目的とした。運動障害は右優位が多かった (右優位11例, 左優位3例)。両群ともに初発症状として一側肢の使いにくさ, 易転倒性・歩行障害が多かった。CBDに特徴 …
NAID 130004467551

SP導入によるコミュニケーション演習に基づく学習効果と教育技法の評価

肥後すみ子,奥山真由美,太湯好子
岡山県立大学保健福祉学部紀要 12, 33-43, 2005
… The students in the simpatient group expressed bewilderment about how to communicate with a sim-patient and with their dealing with taciturnity.ln order to improve theuseof sim'patients in communication training，the results suggest writing scenarios mimicking real life situations，developing a sim-patient program in which all students can experience caring for a simpatient，and setting up a realistic"sickroom" unlike a regular classroom. …
NAID 110009395738

The Task of 'Dialogue' and Human Formation:The Relation between 'toward Dialogue' and 'through Dialogue'

大塚恵一
教育哲学研究 (41), 22-39, 1980
… But here a particular and difficult problem of human formation lies hidden in relation to the peculiarly Japanese and oriental type of taciturnity and silence. …
NAID 130003659464

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