WordNet
- to be expected; standard; "common decency"
- common to or shared by two or more parties; "a common friend"; "the mutual interests of management and labor" (同)mutual
- of or associated with the great masses of people; "the common people in those days suffered greatly"; "behavior that branded him as common"; "his square plebeian nose"; "a vulgar and objectionable person"; "the unwashed masses" (同)plebeian, vulgar, unwashed
- commonly encountered; "a common (or familiar) complaint"; "the usual greeting" (同)usual
- being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language; "common parlance"; "a vernacular term"; "vernacular speakers"; "the vulgar tongue of the masses"; "the technical and vulgar names for an animal species" (同)vernacular, vulgar
- belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public; "for the common good"; "common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community"
- having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual; "the common man"; "a common sailor"; "the common cold"; "a common nuisance"; "followed common procedure"; "it is common knowledge that she lives alone"; "the common housefly"; "a common brand of soap"
- hunt frogs for food
- any of various tailless stout-bodied amphibians with long hind limbs for leaping; semiaquatic and terrestrial species (同)toad, toad frog, anuran, batrachian, salientian
- a decorative loop of braid or cord
- a person of French descent (同)Gaul
- of or relating to or characteristic of Europe or the people of Europe; "European Community"
- a native or inhabitant of Europe
- a pasture subject to common use (同)common_land
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (二つ以上のものに)『共通の』,共同の,共有の / 『一般の』,公共の,公衆の / 『普通の』,ありふれた / 慢凡な,並みの / 品のない,粗野な,野卑な(vulgar) / (数式で)共通の,公約の通約の・ (文法で)通性の,通格の(男性・女性どちらの格も用いることができる) ・〈C〉《時に複数形で》共有地,公有地,共有牧草;(市町村の)公園・〈U〉共有権
- 『カエル』
- フロッグ(上着の胸につける装飾的なひもとボタンによる留め具)
- 『ヨーロッパ』[『人』]『の』,欧州[人]の / 『ヨーロッパ人』,欧州人
- 《古》平民,庶民 / 《the C-》《英》下院(the House of Commons);《集合的に》下院議員 / (大学の大食堂での)共同食事 / 《単数扱い》(特に大学の)大食堂
UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
- 1. 総胆管損傷の修復 repair of common bile duct injuries
- 2. 成人における分類不能型免疫不全の臨床症状、疫学、および診断 clinical manifestations epidemiology and diagnosis of common variable immunodeficiency in adults
- 3. 分類不能型低ガンマグロブリン血症の病因 pathogenesis of common variable immunodeficiency
- 4. 臨床試験および臨床における関節リウマチの活動性の評価 assessment of rheumatoid arthritis activity in clinical trials and clinical practice
- 5. 急性虚血性脳卒中に対する再灌流療法 reperfusion therapy for acute ischemic stroke
English Journal
- Compensatory growth strategies are affected by the strength of environmental time constraints in anuran larvae.
- Orizaola G, Dahl E, Laurila A.Author information Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden, german.orizaola@ebc.uu.se.AbstractOrganisms normally grow at a sub-maximal rate. After experiencing a period of arrested growth, individuals often show compensatory growth responses by modifying their life-history, behaviour and physiology. However, the strength of compensatory responses may vary across broad geographic scales as populations differ in their exposition to varying time constraints. We examined differences in compensatory growth strategies in common frog (Rana temporaria) populations from southern and northern Sweden. Tadpoles from four populations were reared in the laboratory and exposed to low temperature to evaluate the patterns and mechanisms of compensatory growth responses. We determined tadpoles' growth rate, food intake and growth efficiency during the compensation period. In the absence of arrested growth conditions, tadpoles from all the populations showed similar (size-corrected) growth rates, food intake and growth efficiency. After being exposed to low temperature for 1 week, only larvae from the northern populations increased growth rates by increasing both food intake and growth efficiency. These geographic differences in compensatory growth mechanisms suggest that the strategies for recovering after a period of growth deprivation may depend on the strength of time constraints faced by the populations. Due to the costs of fast growth, only populations exposed to the strong time constraints are prone to develop fast recovering strategies in order to metamorphose before conditions deteriorate. Understanding how organisms balance the cost and benefits of growth strategies may help in forecasting the impact of fluctuating environmental conditions on life-history strategies of populations likely to be exposed to increasing environmental variation in the future.
- Oecologia.Oecologia.2014 Jan;174(1):131-7. doi: 10.1007/s00442-013-2754-0. Epub 2013 Aug 31.
- Organisms normally grow at a sub-maximal rate. After experiencing a period of arrested growth, individuals often show compensatory growth responses by modifying their life-history, behaviour and physiology. However, the strength of compensatory responses may vary across broad geographic scales as po
- PMID 23996230
- Local adaptation with high gene flow: temperature parameters drive adaptation to altitude in the common frog (Rana temporaria).
- Muir AP, Biek R, Thomas R, Mable BK.Author information Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.AbstractBoth environmental- and genetic-influences can result in phenotypic variation. Quantifying the relative contributions of local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity to phenotypes is key to understanding the effect of environmental variation on populations. Identifying the selective pressures that drive divergence is an important, but often lacking, next step. High gene flow between high- and low-altitude common frog (Rana temporaria) breeding sites has previously been demonstrated in Scotland. The aim of this study was to assess whether local adaptation occurs in the face of high gene flow and to identify potential environmental selection pressures that drive adaptation. Phenotypic variation in larval traits was quantified in R. temporaria from paired high- and low-altitude sites using three common temperature treatments. Local adaptation was assessed using QST -FST analyses, and quantitative phenotypic divergence was related to environmental parameters using Mantel tests. Although evidence of local adaptation was found for all traits measured, only variation in larval period and growth rate was consistent with adaptation to altitude. Moreover, this was only evident in the three mountains with the highest high-altitude sites. This variation was correlated with mean summer and winter temperatures, suggesting temperature parameters are potentially strong selective pressures maintaining local adaptation, despite high gene flow. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
- Molecular ecology.Mol Ecol.2013 Dec 11. doi: 10.1111/mec.12624. [Epub ahead of print]
- Both environmental- and genetic-influences can result in phenotypic variation. Quantifying the relative contributions of local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity to phenotypes is key to understanding the effect of environmental variation on populations. Identifying the selective pressures that dri
- PMID 24330274
- Frog nuptial pads secrete mating season-specific proteins related to salamander pheromones.
- Willaert B, Bossuyt F, Janssenswillen S, Adriaens D, Baggerman G, Matthijs S, Pauwels E, Proost P, Raepsaet A, Schoofs L, Stegen G, Treer D, Van Hoorebeke L, Vandebergh W, Van Bocxlaer I.Author information Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Biology Department, Amphibian Evolution Lab, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.AbstractMales of many frog species develop spiny nuptial pads with underlying glands on their thumbs during the mating period. We used 3D visualization on the European common frog Rana temporaria to show that the morphology of these glands allows the channelling of secreted molecules to the pad's surface during amplexus. Combined transcriptome and proteome analyses show that proteins of the Ly-6/uPAR family, here termed amplexins, are highly expressed in the nuptial glands during the mating season, but are totally absent outside that period. The function of amplexins remains unknown, but it is interesting to note that they share structural similarities with plethodontid modulating factors, proteins that influence courtship duration in salamanders.
- The Journal of experimental biology.J Exp Biol.2013 Nov 15;216(Pt 22):4139-43. doi: 10.1242/jeb.086363. Epub 2013 Aug 15.
- Males of many frog species develop spiny nuptial pads with underlying glands on their thumbs during the mating period. We used 3D visualization on the European common frog Rana temporaria to show that the morphology of these glands allows the channelling of secreted molecules to the pad's surface du
- PMID 23948475
Japanese Journal
- 旧北区のトノサマガエル-特に異種間の隔離機構について
- 川村 智治郎,西岡 みどり
- 動物分類学会誌 (11), 61-78, 1975-10-30
- 日本,韓国およびヨーロッパに分布するトノサマガエル群の進化関係を明らかにするため,5種のカエルと新北沢の1種のカエルを用いて交雑実験を行なった。まず,日本に分布するトノサマガエルRana nigromaculata HALLOWELLと韓国に分布するトノサマガエルとの間で正逆交配を行なったところ,両者間にはほとんど隔離機構がないので,両者は間違いなく同じ種であることがわかった。ヨーロッパのコガタト …
- NAID 110002339114
Related Links
- In the ponds around Llano de Abaro in Larrimbe, in the town of Amurrio, (Basque Country) there are two species of brown frogs common in Europe living together: the Agile Frog (Rana dalmatina) and the European Common frog (Rana ...
- Résultats pour "European Common frog" sur Internet, dans les universités et dans les œuvres littéraires cyclopaedia.net ... Le terme European Common frog est cité dans le Wikipedia de langue anglaise. Il est défini comme suit: The ...
Related Pictures
_(8619564126).jpg)
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「Rana temporaria」「ヨーロッパアカガエル」 |
| 関連記事 | 「common」「European」「frog」 |
「Rana temporaria」
「ヨーロッパアカガエル」
「common」
- adj.
- 共通の、通常の、総、普通の、共通性の
- 関
- commonly、conventional、general、generally、in general、normal、normally、ordinarily、ordinary、total、usual、usually
「European」
- adj.
- ヨーロッパの
- n.
- ヨーロッパ人
- 関
- Europe
「frog」
- 関
- toad