plebeian

　 　

WordNet

1. one of the common people (同)pleb

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (特に古代ローマの)平民の / 《軽べつして》庶民の / (古代ローマの)平民 / 《軽べつして》庶民

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/18 06:52:55」(JST)

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For the TV series, see Plebs (TV series).

In ancient Rome, the plebs was the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census. Shopkeepers, crafts people, and skilled or unskilled workers might be plebeian (/plɨˈbiːən/; Latin: plebeius). From the 4th century BC or earlier, some of the most prominent and wealthy Roman families, as identified by their gens name (nomen), were of plebeian status. Literary references to the plebs, however, usually mean the ordinary citizens of Rome as a collective, as distinguished from the elite—a sense retained by "plebeian" in English.

Plebs in ancient Rome

In Latin the word plebs is a singular collective noun, and its genitive is plebis.

The origin of the separation into orders is unclear, and it is disputed when the Romans were divided under the early kings into patricians and plebeians, or whether the clientes (or dependents) of the patricians formed a third group. Certain gentes ("clans") were patrician, as identified by the nomen (family name), but a gens might have both patrician and plebeian branches that shared a nomen but were distinguished by a cognomen, as was the case with the gens Claudia. The 19th-century historian Barthold Georg Niebuhr held that plebeians began to appear at Rome during the reign of Ancus Marcius and were possibly foreigners settling in Rome as naturalized citizens. In any case, at the outset of the Roman Republic, the patricians had a near monopoly on political and social institutions. Plebeians were excluded from magistracies and religious colleges, and they were not permitted to know the laws by which they were governed. Plebeians served in the army, but rarely became military leaders.

Dissatisfaction with the status quo occasionally mounted to the point that the plebeians engaged in a sort of general strike, a secessio plebis, during which they would withdraw from Rome, leaving the patricians to themselves. From 494 to 287 BC, five such actions during the so-called "Conflict of the Orders" resulted in the establishment of plebeian offices (the tribunes and plebeian aediles), the publication of the laws (the Law of the Twelve Tables), the establishment of the right of plebeian-patrician intermarriage (by the passage of the Lex Canuleia), the opening of the highest offices of government and some state priesthoods to the plebeians, and passage of legislation (the Lex Hortensia) that made resolutions passed by the assembly of plebeians, the concilium plebis, binding on all citizens.

Noble plebeians

During the Second Samnite War (326–304 BC), plebeians who had risen to power through these social reforms began to acquire the aura of nobilitas, "nobility" (more literally "notability"), marking the creation of a ruling elite of nobiles that allied the interests of patricians and noble plebeians. From the mid-4th century to the early 3rd century BC, several plebeian-patrician "tickets" for the consulship repeated joint terms, suggesting a deliberate political strategy of cooperation. Although nobilitas was not a formal social rank during the Republican era, in general a plebeian who had attained the consulship was regarded as having brought nobility to his family. Such a man was a novus homo, a "new man" or self-made noble, and his sons and descendants were nobiles. Marius and Cicero are notable examples of novi homines in the late Republic, when many of Rome's richest and most powerful men—such as Lucullus, Crassus, and Pompeius—were plebeian nobles. Some or perhaps many noble plebeians, including Cicero and Lucullus, aligned their political interests with the faction of optimates, conservatives who sought to preserve senatorial prerogatives. By contrast, the populares or "people's party", which sought to champion the plebs in the sense of "common people", were sometimes led by patricians such as Julius Caesar and Clodius Pulcher.

Modern usage

In British, Irish, Australian, New Zealand and South African English the back-formation pleb, along with the more recently derived adjectival form plebby, is used as a derogatory term for someone considered unsophisticated or uncultured.

In September 2012, UK Conservative Party Chief Whip Andrew Mitchell was reported using the word in a tirade directed at police officers in Downing Street. He disputed the accusation, but intense media pressure forced him to offer his resignation on 20 October 2012. He denies using the word 'plebs'. Mitchell has since been vindicated because the email previously attributed to an eye witness was actually sent by an off-duty policeman who was not present at the incident, as proved by CCTV footage and a subsequent police investigation.

Use in education

Plebes (first year students) marching in front of Bancroft Hall, United States Naval Academy

Early public schools in the United Kingdom would enroll pupils as "plebeians" as opposed to sons of gentry and aristocrats.

Plebes may refer to freshmen at the U.S. Military Academy, U.S. Naval Academy, Valley Forge Military Academy, the Marine Military Academy, the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, Georgia Military College, California Maritime Academy and the Philippine Military Academy

See also

• Bread and circuses
• Capite censi
• Plebe summer
• Plebeian Council
• Proletariat
• Roman Republic
• Toff

Notes

References

• Jackson J. Spielvogel (2008). World History: Journey Across Time. New York: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. 
• Scott Wertsching (2008). What is a Pleb?. Rome: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. 

External links

• Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, article Plebs
• Livius.org: Plebs
• Texts on Wikisource:
  • "Plebeians". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. 
  • "Plebeians". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. 
  • "Plebs". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. 

English Journal

• Systematic and practical solvent system selection strategy based on the nonrandom two-liquid segment activity coefficient model for real-life counter-current chromatography separation.

• Ren DB1, Yi LZ2, Qin YH3, Yun YH3, Deng BC4, Lu HM3, Chen XQ3, Liang YZ5.
• Journal of chromatography. A.J Chromatogr A.2015 May 8;1393:47-56. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.016. Epub 2015 Mar 14.
• Solvent system selection is the first step toward a successful counter-current chromatography (CCC) separation. This paper introduces a systematic and practical solvent system selection strategy based on the nonrandom two-liquid segment activity coefficient (NRTL-SAC) model, which is efficient in pr
• PMID 25818557

• Two new flavones from Salvia plebeia.

• Jin MR1, Xu H, Duan CH, Chou GX.
• Natural product research.Nat Prod Res.2015;29(14):1315-22. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2014.999241. Epub 2015 Feb 12.
• Two new flavones neocafhispidulin (1) and 6″-O-acetyl homoplantaginin (2), together with 10 known flavones and 1 polyphenol were isolated from the whole plants of Salvia plebeia. R. Br. Compounds 3 and 4 were reported from this plant for the first time. Their structures were determined by spectral
• PMID 25675267

• Antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of Plebeian herba (Salvia plebeia R. Br.) under different cultivation conditions.

• Chen L1, Kang YH.
• Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.J Agric Food Chem.2014 Mar 12;62(10):2190-7. doi: 10.1021/jf404570s. Epub 2014 Mar 3.
• An adaptation of cultural management to the specific cultural system, as well as crop demand, can further result in the improvement of the quality of horticultural products. Therefore, this study focused on the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of Plebeian herba (Salvia plebeia R. Br.) gr
• PMID 24422962

Japanese Journal

• 11-12世紀のチュニス 都市共和国か君主政都市か

• 余部 福三
• 東京経済大学人文自然科学論集 (136), 63-97, 2015
• … suzerainty until it surrendered itself to the Muwahhid caliph,'Abd al-Mu'min, in 1159, apart from a comparatively long interlude of Hammādid rule（1128-48）.During its days of independence（autonomy in a strict sense）Tunis is normally regarded as a little monarchy under Khurāsānid lords, following the habitual Muslim view, which recognized only the caliphate or the monarchyunder caliphal suzerainty, disregarding the possible home-rule of cities under their notables or populace（patrician cities and plebeian cities, modified Weberian …
• NAID 120005574470

• Reflections on Agoncilloʼs The Revolt of the Masses and the Politics of History (<Special Issue>Colonial Philippines in Transition)

• ILETO Reynald C.
• 東南アジア研究 49(3), 496-520, 2011-12-31
• … The 1890s themes of exploitation and betrayal bythe propertied class, the rise of a plebeian leader, and the revolt of the masses against Spain, are implicitly being played out in the late 1940s. …
• NAID 110008729333

• 宗教倫理と利害状況 : ウェーバーの宗教倫理論研究ノート

• 濱井 修
• 東京女子大学紀要論集 52(2), 1-31, 20020307-00-00
• … Generally speaking, according to Weber, the individual character of certain religious ethics have been formed or constructed in complicated situations under 'their own laws of evolution.' Therefore, he describes, from his point of view, the complicated historical evolutions of 'theodicies,' which have subtle relations with the resentment-feelings of plebeian people. …
• NAID 120005484683

Related Links

• Plebs - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A member of the plebs was known as a plebeian ( play /plɨˈbiːən/; Latin: ... This term is used today to refer to one who is or appears to be of the middle or lower order; however, in Rome plebeians could become quite wealthy and influential.

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