日
関

WordNet

travel or traverse (a distance); "This car does 150 miles per hour"; "We did 6 miles on our hike every day"
the syllable naming the first (tonic) note of any major scale in solmization (同)doh, ut
proceed or get along; "How is she doing in her new job?"; "How are you making out in graduate school?"; "Hes come a long way" (同)fare, make_out, come, get along
create or design, often in a certain way; "Do my room in blue"; "I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest" (同)make
carry on or function; "We could do with a little more help around here" (同)manage
get (something) done; "I did my job" (同)perform
a result; "this situation developed in response to events in Africa"
a phrase recited or sung by the congregation following a versicle by the priest or minister
the manner in which an electrical or mechanical device responds to an input signal or a range of input signals
treat with an agent; add (an agent) to; "The ray dosed the paint"
the quantity of an active agent (substance or radiation) taken in or absorbed at any one time (同)dosage
a measured portion of medicine taken at any one time (同)dosage
the trace of a point whose direction of motion changes (同)curved shape
a pitch of a baseball that is thrown with spin so that its path curves as it approaches the batter (同)curve ball, breaking ball, bender
a line on a graph representing data
an inferior dog or one of mixed breed (同)mongrel, mutt
a cowardly and despicable person

PrepTutorEJDIC

《疑問文・否定文を作る》 / 《否定命令文を作る》 / 《助動詞とbe動詞のどちらも含まない文に用いて付加疑問を作る》 / 《強意語として》 / 《文》《助動詞とbe動詞のどちらも含まない文に用いて倒置文を作る》 / 《あいづちを打つ場合に》 / 《先行する動詞またはそれを含む述部の代用》 / 《so,nor,neitherで始まる簡略文で》 / …‘を'『する』,行う,果たす / 《通例have done,時にbe doneの形で》…‘を'『終える』,済ませる / …‘を'作る,作り出す / …‘を'『処理する』,整える,片付ける / 〈学課〉‘を'『勉強する』,専攻する / 〈利益・害など〉‘を'与える,もたらす / 〈人〉‘に'『役立つ』,用が足りる(serve) / …の速度で進む,距離を行く / …‘を'見物する / 〈劇〉‘を'上演する;…‘の'役を演じる / …の役目(仕事)をする / 《おもに英》…‘を'だます,かつぐ / 《話》…をへとへとにさせる / 『する』;活動する / 《通例have done,時にbe doneの形で》(…を)『終える』,済ます《+『with』+『名』》 / 〈事が〉『運ぶ』;〈人が〉暮らしていく,健康である / 〈物が〉(…に)『間に合う』,十分である;〈人が〉(…に)役に立つ,向く《+『for』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》すべきこと / 〈C〉《おもに英》大宴会,大パーティー / 〈C〉《英話》詐欺,ぺてん
ド(全音階の第1音)
〈C〉(…に対する)『返事』,『返答』《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…に対する)『反応』,『反響』《『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉応答歌,応唱(牧師にならって合唱隊・会衆が短い祈り・歌を応答すること)
(おもに飲み薬1回分の)『服用量』 / (痛いこと・いやなことの)1回分,一定量 / (人などが受ける放射線の)線量 / 性病 / (…を)…‘に'投薬する,服用させる《+『名』+『with』+『名』》
『曲線』 / 『曲がり』,曲がったもの,湾曲部 / (野球で投球の)『カーブ』 / (…の方へ)『曲がる』,湾曲する《+『to』+『名』》 / …'を'曲げる;'を'湾曲させる
のら犬 / くだらない人間

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/27 21:27:48」(JST)

wiki en

Semi-log plots of two agonists with different K_d; the blue curve indicates a more potent agonist than the green curve (higher response for the same dose).

The dose–response relationship, or exposure–response relationship, describes the change in effect on an organism caused by differing levels of exposure (or doses) to a stressor (usually a chemical) after a certain exposure time.^[1] This may apply to individuals (e.g.: a small amount has no significant effect, a large amount is fatal), or to populations (e.g.: how many people or organisms are affected at different levels of exposure).

Studying dose response, and developing dose–response models, is central to determining "safe" and "hazardous" levels and dosages for drugs, potential pollutants, and other substances to which humans or other organisms are exposed. These conclusions are often the basis for public policy. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has developed extensive guidance and reports on dose-response modeling and assessment, as well as software.^[2]

Dose–response relationships generally depend on the exposure time and exposure route (e.g., inhalation, dietary intake); quantifying the response after a different exposure time or for a different route leads to a different relationship and possibly different conclusions on the effects of the stressor under consideration. This limitation is caused by the complexity of biological systems and the often unknown biological processes operating between the external exposure and the adverse cellular or tissue response.

Dose–response curve

A dose–response curve is a simple X–Y graph relating the magnitude of a stressor (e.g. concentration of a pollutant, amount of a drug, temperature, intensity of radiation) to the response of the receptor (e.g. organism under study). The response may be a physiological or biochemical response, or even death (mortality), and thus can be counts (or proportion, e.g., mortality rate), ordered descriptive categories (e.g., severity of a lesion), or continuous measurements (e.g., blood pressure).^[3] A number of effects (or endpoints) can be studied, often at different organizational levels (e.g., population, whole animal, tissue, cell).

The measured dose (usually in milligrams, micrograms, or grams per kilogram of body-weight for oral exposures or milligrams per cubic meter of ambient air for inhalation exposures) is generally plotted on the X axis and the response is plotted on the Y axis. Other dose units include moles per body-weight, moles per animal, and for dermal exposure, moles per square centimeter. In some cases, it is the logarithm of the dose that is plotted on the X axis, and in such cases the curve is typically sigmoidal, with the steepest portion in the middle. Biologically based models using dose are preferred over the use of log(dose) because the latter can visually imply a threshold dose when in fact there is none.

The first point along the graph where a response above zero (or above the control response) is reached is usually referred to as a threshold-dose. For most beneficial or recreational drugs, the desired effects are found at doses slightly greater than the threshold dose. At higher doses, undesired side effects appear and grow stronger as the dose increases. The more potent a particular substance is, the steeper this curve will be. In quantitative situations, the Y-axis often is designated by percentages, which refer to the percentage of exposed individuals registering a standard response (which may be death, as in LD₅₀). Such a curve is referred to as a quantal dose-response curve, distinguishing it from a graded dose-response curve, where response is continuous (either measured, or by judgment).

A commonly used dose-response curve is the EC₅₀ curve, the half maximal effective concentration, where the EC₅₀ point is defined as the inflection point of the curve.

Statistical analysis of dose-response curves may be performed by regression methods such as the probit model or logit model, or other methods such as the Spearman-Karber method.^[4] Empirical models based on nonlinear regression are usually preferred over the use of some transformation of the data that linearizes the dose-response relationship.^[5]

Dose–response curves are generally sigmoidal and monophasic and can be fit to a classical Hill equation. A generalized model for multiphasic cases has also been suggested.^[6]

Problems with linear model

The concept of linear dose-response relationship, thresholds, and all-or-nothing responses may not apply to non-linear situations. A threshold model or linear no-threshold model may be more appropriate, depending on the circumstances. A recent critique of these models as they apply to endocrine disruptors argues for a substantial revision of testing and toxicological models at low doses.^[7]

References

^ Crump, KS; Hoel, DG; Langley, CH; Peto, R (1976). "Fundamental carcinogenic processes and their implications for low dose risk assessment". Cancer Research 36 (9 Part1): 2973–9. PMID 975067.
^ Lockheed Martin (2009). Benchmark Dose Software (BMDS) Version 2.1 User's Manual Version 2.0 (PDF) (Draft ed.). Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Information.
^ Altshuler, B (1981). "Modeling of dose-response relationships". Environmental Health Perspectives 42: 23–7. doi:10.1289/ehp.814223. PMC 1568781. PMID 7333256.
^ Hamilton, MA; Russo, RC; Thurston, RV (1977). "Trimmed Spearman-Karber method for estimating median lethal concentrations in toxicity bioassays". Environmental Science & Technology 11 (7): 714–9. doi:10.1021/es60130a004.
^ Bates, Douglas M.; Watts, Donald G. (1988). Nonlinear Regression Analysis and its Applications. Wiley. p. 365. ISBN 9780471816430.
^ G. Y. Di Veroli, C. Fornari, I. Goldlust, G. Mills, S. B. Koh, J. L. Bramhall, F. M. Richards, and D. I. Jodrell, “An automated fitting procedure and software for dose-response curves with multiphasic features,” Sci. Rep., vol. 5, p. 14701, 2015. http://www.nature.com/articles/srep14701
^ Vandenberg, LN; Colborn, T; Hayes, TB; Heindel, JJ; et al. (2012). "Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses". Endocrine Reviews 33 (3): 378–455. doi:10.1210/er.2011-1050. PMC 3365860. PMID 22419778.

External links

The popular Dr Fit free Windows-64 software for dose response fitting
Online Tool for ELISA Analysis
Online IC₅₀ Calculator
Ecotoxmodels A website on mathematical models in ecotoxicology, with emphasis on toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic models
CDD Vault, Example of Dose-Response Curve fitting software

UpToDate Contents

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1. 慢性C型肝炎ウイルス感染のマネージメントの概要 overview of the management of chronic hepatitis c virus infection
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English Journal

A Bayesian decision support tool for efficient dose individualization of warfarin in adults and children.

Hamberg AK1, Hellman J, Dahlberg J, Jonsson EN, Wadelius M.
BMC medical informatics and decision making.BMC Med Inform Decis Mak.2015 Dec;15(1):128. doi: 10.1186/s12911-014-0128-0. Epub 2015 Feb 7.
BACKGROUND: Warfarin is the most widely prescribed anticoagulant for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic events. Although highly effective, the use of warfarin is limited by a narrow therapeutic range combined with a more than ten-fold difference in the dose required for adequate anticoag
PMID 25784234

The thermoluminescence characteristics and the glow curves of Thulium doped silica fiber exposed to 10MV photon and 21MeV electron radiation.

Alawiah A1, Alina MS2, Bauk S3, Abdul-Rashid HA4, Gieszczyk W5, Noramaliza MN6, Mahdiraji GA7, Tamchek N8, Zulkifli MI9, Bradley DA10, Marashdeh MW11.
Applied radiation and isotopes : including data, instrumentation and methods for use in agriculture, industry and medicine.Appl Radiat Isot.2015 Apr;98:80-6. doi: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.01.016. Epub 2015 Jan 23.
The thermoluminescence (TL) glow curves and kinetics parameters of Thulium (Tm) doped silica cylindrical fibers (CF) are presented. A linear accelerator (LINAC) was used to deliver high-energy radiation of 21MeV electrons and 10MV photons. The CFs were irradiated in the dose range of 0.2-10Gy. The e
PMID 25644081

Blockade and reversal of spinal morphine tolerance by P2X3 receptor antagonist.

Ma X1, Xu T, Xu H, Jiang W.
Behavioural pharmacology.Behav Pharmacol.2015 Apr;26(3):260-7. doi: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000105.
In recent years, studies have substantiated the view that P2X3 receptors play a part in the generation and transmission of purinergic signals in inflammatory and chronic neuropathic pain. Data have also been presented to suggest that the process of P2X3 receptor antagonism inhibits inflammatory hype
PMID 25350728

Japanese Journal

日中の光とサーカディアンリズム(<特集>光の生物時計機構への作用とその応用)

小崎智照
照明学会誌 96(10), 700-703, 2012-10-01
… The effects also depend on light intensity (dose-response curve) and wavelength (action spectrum). …
NAID 110009518158

Dose-Response Effects of an Aqueous Formulation of Calcitriol and Evaluation of Renal Function in Nonpregnant Cows

KIM Danil,YAMAGISHI Norio,KAWAKAMI Yuji,ABE Izumi,FURUHAMA Kazuhisa,DEVKOTA Bhuminand,SASAKI Kouya,OKURA Norimoto,SATO Shigeru,OHASHI Shuichi
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 74(4), 473-476, 2012
… Dose responses of plasma calcitriol, calcium (Ca), bone metabolic markers and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were evaluated in four nonpregnant Holstein cows treated subcutaneously with an aqueous formulation of calcitriol at four doses in a 4 × 4 Latin-square design. … Plasma calcitriol and Ca concentrations increased dose-dependently. … The calcitriol dose was positively correlated with the area under the concentration-time curve of plasma calcitriol. …
NAID 130001410034

自動車騒音に関するロジスティック許容等価騒音レベル推定子デルの再構築

中込隆治,荒井翔,降旗建治
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. EA, 応用音響 111(270), 7-12, 2011-10-21
前報で提案した許容等価騒音レベルは,個人に適合する騒音防止対策の設計目標基準値である.この許容等価騒音レベルは、騒音問題が発生している現場で,5分間の等価騒音レベルの測定と同時に住民に聞いてもらった後の1回の「うるささ」反応が得られれば提案したロジスティックモデルに基づいて推定できる.そのモデルは7段階の「うるささ」尺度に基づいて構成した.本論文では,「うるささ」の限界値,具体的には自動車騒音の「 …
NAID 110008900460