For other uses, see Mongrel (disambiguation).
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A mixed breed dog of Husky and Australian Shepherd from Canada.
A heavy winter coat with countershading in a mixed-breed dog
A white coated dog of mixed breed
A mongrel, mutt, or mixed-breed dog, is a dog that is not the result of breeding.[1] Estimates place the number of mongrels at 150 million animals.[1]
Contents
- 1 Terminology
- 1.1 Mixed-breed vs. crossbreed
- 1.2 Mixed breed vs. mongrel
- 1.3 Regional and slang terms
- 2 Appearance
- 3 Determining ancestry
- 4 Health
- 5 Types
- 6 In dog sports
- 7 Health studies
- 8 References
Terminology
Mixed-breed vs. crossbreed
Like mongrels/mixed breeds, crossbred dogs belong to no one recognized breed. Unlike mixed-breeds, however, crossbred dogs are often the product of artificial selection – intentionally created by humans, whereas the term "mongrel" specifically refers to dogs that develop by natural selection, without planned intervention of humans.
Mixed breed vs. mongrel
Spotted dog from Kalimpong, West-Bengal, India
In the United States, the term "mixed-breed" is a favored synonym over "mongrel" among many who wish to avoid negative connotations associated with the latter term.[2] The implication that such dogs must be a mix of defined breeds may stem from an inverted understanding of the origins of dog breeds. Pure breeds have been, for the most part, artificially created from random-bred populations by human selective breeding with the purpose of enhancing desired physical, behavioral, or temperamental characteristics. Dogs that are not purebred are not necessarily a mix of such defined breeds.[3] Therefore, among some experts and fans of such dogs, "Mongrel" is still the preferred term.[4][5][6][7][8]
Regional and slang terms
Generic pariah-type feral dogs are typically medium-sized and have yellow to rust-colored coats. This may represent the appearance of the modern dog's ancestor. Many mongrels, such as this Indian pariah dog, are not literally mixed breeds.
The words cur,[9] tyke,[10] mutt, and mongrel[11] are used, sometimes in a derogatory manner. There are also regional terms for mixed-breed dogs. In the United Kingdom mongrel is the unique technical word for a mixed-breed dog. North Americans generally prefer the term mix or mixed-breed. Mutt[12] is also commonly used (in the United States and Canada). Some American registries and dog clubs that accept mixed-breed dogs use the breed description All American.
There are also names for mixed-breeds based on geography, behavior, or food. In Hawaii, mixes are referred to as poi dogs, although they are not related to the extinct Hawaiian poi dog. In The Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands, the common term is potcake dogs (referring to the table scraps they are fed). In South Africa the tongue-in-cheek expression pavement special is sometimes used as a description for a mixed-breed dog. In Serbia similar expression is prekoplotski avlijaner (over-the-fence yard-dweller). In the Philippines, mixed-breed street dogs are often called askal, a Tagalog-derived contraction of asong kalye (”street dog"). In Puerto Rico they are known as satos, and in Chile and Bolivia, they are called quiltros. In Costa Rica it is common to hear the word zaguate, a term originating from a Nahuatl term, zahuatl, that refers to the scabies disease. In the rural southern United States, a small hunting dog is known as a feist.
Slang terms are also common. Heinz 57, Heinz, or Heinz Hound is often used for dogs of uncertain ancestry, in a playful reference to the "57 Varieties" slogan of the H. J. Heinz Company. In some countries, such as Australia, bitsa (or bitzer) is sometimes used, meaning "bits o' this, bits o' that". In Brazil and the Dominican Republic, the name for mixed-breed dogs is vira-lata (trash-can tipper) because of homeless dogs who knock over trash cans to reach discarded food. In Newfoundland, a smaller mixed-breed dog is known as a cracky, hence the colloquial expression "saucy as a cracky" for someone with a sharp tongue.
Appearance
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This German Shepherd/Golden Retriever mix has more average mongrel traits than either parent
When breeds mix, their offspring manifest a wide variety of appearances; some resembling one breed closely, while others clearly exhibit features of both. However, as mixed breeds continue to interbreed, subsequent generations moderate toward a roughly similar appearance. They tend to be fawn or black and weigh about 18 kg (40 lb) and typically stand between 38 and 57 cm (15 and 23 inches) tall at the withers.
Determining ancestry
Guessing a mixed-breed's ancestry is difficult even for knowledgeable dog observers, because mixed-breeds have much more genetic variation than purebreds. For example, two black mixed-breed dogs might each have recessive genes that produce a blond coat and, therefore, produce offspring looking unlike their parents.
Starting in 2007, genetic analysis of blood samples[13] and cheek swabs[14] have become available to the public. The companies claim their DNA-based diagnostic test can genetically determine the breed composition of mixed-breed dogs. These tests are still limited in scope because only a small number of the hundreds of dog breeds have been validated against the tests, and because the same breed in different geographical areas may have different genetic profiles.[15] Also, the tests do not test for breed purity, but for genetic sequences that are common to certain breeds. With a mixed-breed dog, the test is not proof of purebred ancestry, but rather an indication that those dogs share common ancestry with certain purebreds. The American Kennel Club does not recognize the use of DNA tests to determine breed.[16]
As well, many newer dog breeds can be traced back to a common foundational breed making them difficult to separate genetically. For example, Labrador Retrievers, Flat-coated Retrievers, Chesapeake Bay Retrievers, and Newfoundland Dogs share the ancestry of the St. John's water dog – a now extinct naturally-occurring dog breed from the island of Newfoundland.
Health
The theory of hybrid vigor suggests that as a group, dogs of varied ancestry will be healthier than their purebred counterparts. In purebred dogs, intentionally breeding dogs of very similar appearance over several generations produces animals that carry many of the same alleles, some of which are detrimental. If the founding population for the breed was small, then the genetic diversity of that particular breed may be small for quite some time. In essence, when humans select certain dogs for new breeds, they artificially isolate that group of genes and cause more copies of that gene to be made than might have otherwise occurred in nature. Initially, the population will be more fragile because of the lack of genetic diversity. If the dog breed is popular, and the line continues, over hundreds of years diversity will increase due to mutations and occasional out-breeding; like an island with a few new birds—they will diversify. This is why some of the very "old" breeds are more stable. The problem is when certain traits found in the breed standard are associated with genetic disorders. Then, the artificial selective force favors the duplication of the genetic disorder, because it comes with a desired physical trait.[17][18] The genetic health of hybrids tends to be higher.[19] Healthy traits have been lost in many purebred dogs lines because many breeders of showdogs are more interested in conformation – the physical attributes of the dogs in relation to the breed standard – than in the health and working temperament for which the dog was originally bred.[20]
Populations are particularly vulnerable when the dogs bred are closely related. Inbreeding among purebreds has exposed various genetic health problems not always readily apparent in less uniform populations. Mixed-breed dogs are more genetically diverse due to the more haphazard nature of their parents' mating. However, "haphazard" is not the same as "random" to a geneticist. The offspring of such matings might be less likely to express certain genetic disorders because there might be a decreased chance that both parents carry the same detrimental recessive alleles, but some deleterious recessives occur across many seemingly unrelated breeds, and therefore merely mixing breeds is no guarantee of genetic health. Also, when two poor specimens are bred, the offspring could inherit the worst traits of both parents. This is commonly seen in dogs from puppy mills.[21]
Purebred and mixed-breed dogs are equally susceptible to most non-genetic ailments, such as rabies, distemper, injury, and infestation by parasites.[citation needed]
Several studies have shown that mixed-breed dogs have a health advantage. A German study finds that "Mongrels require less veterinary treatment".[22] Studies in Sweden have found that "Mongrel dogs are less prone to many diseases than the average purebred dog"[23] and, referring to death rates, “Mongrels were consistently in the low risk category”.[24] Data from Denmark also suggest that mixed breeds have higher longevity on average compared to purebreeds. [25] A British study showed similar results but a few breeds (notably Jack Russell Terriers, Miniature Poodles and Whippets) lived longer than mixed breeds.[26]
In one landmark study, the effect of breed on longevity in the pet dog was analyzed using mortality data from 23,535 pet dogs. The data were obtained from North American veterinary teaching hospitals. The median age at death was determined for pure and mixed breed dogs of different body weights. Within each body weight category, the median age at death was lower for pure breed dogs compared with mixed breed dogs. The median age at death was "8.5 years for all mixed breed dogs, and 6.7 years for all pure breed dogs" in the study.[27]
In 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the less its lifespan).[28]
Types
A three-year-old mixed-breed with collie-papillon characteristics.
Mongrel dogs can be divided roughly into types:
- Mixes that show characteristics of two or more breeds. A mix might have some purebred ancestors, or might come from a long line of mixed-breeds. These dogs are usually identified by the breed they most resemble, such as a "Lab mix" or "Collie-Shepherd", even if their ancestry is unknown.
- The generic pariah dog, or feral Canis lupus familiaris, where non-selective breeding has occurred over many generations. The term originally referred to the wild dogs of India, but now refers to dogs belonging to or descended from a population of wild or feral dogs. The Canaan Dog is an example of a recognized breed with pariah ancestry. Pariah dogs tend to be yellow to light brown and of medium height and weight. This may represent the appearance of the modern dog's ancestor. DNA analysis has shown pariah dogs to have a more ancient gene pool than modern breeds.
- Functional breeds, which are purpose-bred dogs whose ancestors are not purebred, but rather are selected by their performance at a particular tasks. Examples of this are the Alaskan Husky, the Eurohound, and the Pointer/Greyhound mixes referred to as Greysters, which compete at skijoring and pulka races, particularly in Europe. Occasionally a functional breed such as this becomes accepted as a breed over time.
Purebred dogs are known by breed names given to groups of dogs that are visibly similar in most characteristics and have reliable documented descent. But in recent years many owners and breeders of crossbreed dogs identify them — often facetiously — by invented names constructed from parts of the parents' breed names. These are known as portmanteau names and the resulting crosses as "designer dogs." For example, a cross between a Pekingese and a Poodle may be referred to as a Peekapoo. Another trendy cross is the Goldendoodle, a cross between a standard poodle and a golden retriever.
In dog sports
A mixed-breed dog demonstrates dog agility.
Mixed-breed dogs can excel at dog sports, such as obedience, dog agility, flyball, and frisbee. Often, highly energetic mixed-breeds are left with shelters or rescue groups, where they are sought by owners with the caring, patience, and drive to train them for dog sports, turning unwanted dogs into healthy, mentally and physically stimulated award winners.
Until the early 1980s, mixed-breed dogs were usually excluded from obedience competitions. However, starting with the American Mixed Breed Obedience Registry (AMBOR) and the Mixed Breed Dog Clubs of America (MBDCA), which created obedience venues in which mixed-breed dogs could compete, more opportunities have opened up for all dogs in all dog sports. Most dog agility and flyball organizations have always allowed mixed-breed dogs to compete. Today, mixed-breeds have proved their worth in many performance sports.
In conformation shows, where dogs' conformation to a breed standard is evaluated, mixed-breed dogs normally cannot compete. For purebred dogs, their physical characteristics are judged against a single breed standard. Mixed-breed dogs, however, are difficult to classify except according to height; there is tremendous variation in physical traits such as coat, skeletal structure, gait, ear set, eye shape and color, and so on. When conformation standards are applied to mixed-breed dogs, such as in events run by the MBDCA, the standards are usually general traits of health, soundness, symmetry, and personality. The Kennel Club (UK) operates a show called Scruffts (a name derived from its prestigious Crufts show) open only to mixed-breeds in which dogs are judged on character, health, and temperament. Some kennel clubs, whose purpose is to promote purebred dogs, still exclude mixed-breeds from their performance events. The AKC and the FCI are two such prominent organizations. While the AKC does allow mixed-breed dogs to earn their Canine Good Citizen award, mixed-breed dogs are not permitted to enter AKC "all breed" events, though through their "Canine Partners" program, mixed breed dogs can be registered to compete in AKC Agility, Obedience, and Rally events.
Health studies
These littermates share an Australian Shepherd mother, although neither exactly resembles that breed.
Studies that have been done in the area of health show that mixed-breeds on average are both healthier and longer-lived than their purebred relations. This is because current accepted breeding practices within the pedigreed community results in a reduction in genetic diversity, and can result in physical characteristics that lead to health issues.[29]
Studies have shown that cross-bred dogs have a number of desirable reproductive traits. Scott and Fuller found that cross-bred dogs were superior mothers compared to purebred mothers, producing more milk and giving better care. These advantages led to a decreased mortality in the offspring of cross-bred dogs.[30]
References
- ^ a b Morris, Desmond (2008). "Feral dogs". Dogs: The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds (First Paperback ed.). Vermont: Tralfalgar Square. pp. 696–697. ISBN 978-1-57076-410-3.
The mongrel is not a true breed, but it is certainly a common category of domestic dog. It has been estimated that, worldwide, there are 150 million of them."
- ^ Witiak, Dr. Gene (2004). True Confessions of a Veterinarian. Glenbridge Publishing Ltd. p. 11. ISBN 0-944435-54-8.
“Canines of unknown lineage used to be termed mongrels — how demeaning! Over time, the term "mixed breed" was preferred.”
- ^ Budiansky", Stephen (2000). The Truth About Dogs; an Inquiry into the Ancestry, Social Conventions, Mental Habits, and Moral Fiber of Canis familiaris. New York, U.S.A.: Viking Penguin. p. 35. ISBN 0-670-89272-6.
- ^ Examples of scholars using the term "mongrel" as a clinical, technical term may be found here: [1]
- ^ Riddle, Maxwell (1954) Lovable Mongrel. All-Pets
- ^ Cooper, Jilly (1981) Intelligent and Loyal, a Celebration of the Mongrel. London.
- ^ Patmore, Angela (1985) The Mongrel. London
- ^ White, Kay (1997) Book of the Mongrel. HarperCollins.
- ^ "Cur | Define Cur at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
- ^ "Tyke | Define Tyke at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
- ^ "Mongrel | Define Mongrel at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
- ^ "Mutt | Define Mutt at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
- ^ "Results Revealed in Dog DNA Test". 2007-12-17.
- ^ "Canine DNA Cheek Swab". 2008-02-25.
- ^ "Canine Heritage Test FAQs". 2007-12-17.
- ^ American Kennel Club, "DNA Frequently Asked Questions,". Retrieved 2011-3-31.
- ^ Dlugosch, K. M.; Parker, I. M. (2008). "Founding events in species invasions: Genetic variation, adaptive evolution, and the role of multiple introductions". Molecular Ecology 17 (1): 431–49. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03538.x. PMID 17908213.
- ^ Slatkin, M (1987). "Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations". Science 236 (4803): 787–92. Bibcode:1987Sci...236..787S. doi:10.1126/science.3576198. PMID 3576198.
- ^ McGreevy, P.D.; Nicholas, W.F. (1999). "Some Practical Solutions to Welfare Problems in Pedigree Dog Breeding". Animal Welfare 8: 329–331.
Hybrids have a far lower chance of exhibiting the disorders that are common with the parental breeds. Their genetic health will be substantially higher. (p. 338)
- ^ Watt, Nick (March 11, 2009) Best of Breed? Pedigree Dogs Face Disease. ABC News
- ^ Hamilton, Anita (December 4, 2005). "Curbing the Puppy Trade". Time.
- ^ R. Beythien (1998) Tierarten- und Hunderassenverteilung, Erkrankungshäufigkeit und prophylaktische Maßnahmen bei den häufigsten Hunderassen am Beispiel einer Tierarztpraxis in Bielefeld in den Jahren 1983–1985 und 1990–1992, Diss., Tierärztl. Hochschule Hannover
- ^ Egenvall, A; Bonnett, B. N.; Olson, P; Hedhammar, A (2000). "Gender, age, breed and distribution of morbidity and mortality in insured dogs in Sweden during 1995 and 1996". The Veterinary record 146 (18): 519–25. PMID 11321213.
- ^ Bonnett, B. N.; Egenvall, A.; Olson, P.; Hedhammar, A. (1997). "Mortality in insured Swedish dogs: Rates and causes of death in various breeds". Veterinary Record 141 (2): 40. doi:10.1136/vr.141.2.40. PMID 9253830.
- ^ Proschowsky, H. F.; Rugbjerg, H.; Ersbøll, A. K. R. (2003). "Mortality of purebred and mixed-breed dogs in Denmark". Preventive Veterinary Medicine 58 (1–2): 63–74. doi:10.1016/S0167-5877(03)00010-2. PMID 12628771.
- ^ Michell, A. R. (1999). "Longevity of British breeds of dog and its relationships with sex, size, cardiovascular variables and disease". The Veterinary record 145 (22): 625–9. PMID 10619607.
- ^ Patronek, G. J.; Waters, D. J.; Glickman, L. T. (1997). "Comparative longevity of pet dogs and humans: Implications for gerontology research". The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences 52 (3): B171–8. PMID 9158552.
- ^ O’Neill, D. G.; Church, D. B.; McGreevy, P. D.; Thomson, P. C.; Brodbelt, D. C. (2013). "Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England". The Veterinary Journal. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020.
- ^ McGreevy, P D; Nicholas, F W (1999). "Some practical solutions to welfare problems in dog breeding" (PDF). Animal Welfare (Wheathampstead, UK: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare) (8): 329–341. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
- ^ Scott, John Paul; Fuller, John L. (1998). Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226743381.
