消化器系疾患

WordNet

(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide"
instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer"
a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going" (同)scheme
a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender" (同)system of rules
a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation"
the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"
an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning
relating to or having the power to cause or promote digestion; "digestive juices"; "a digestive enzyme"; "digestive ferment"
any substance that promotes digestion
caused by or altered by or manifesting disease or pathology; "diseased tonsils"; "a morbid growth"; "pathologic tissue"; "pathological bodily processes" (同)morbid, pathologic, pathological

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(関連した部分から成る)『体系』,系統,組織[網],装置 / 〈C〉(教育・政治などの)『制度』,機構;《the~》体制 / 〈C〉(思想・学問などの)『体系』,学説 / 〈C〉(…の)『方法』,方式,やり方《+of doing》 / 〈U〉正しい方針(筋道,順序) / 〈U〉《the~》(身体の)組織,系統 / 〈U〉《the~,one's~》身体,全身
(体の)『病気』,疾患 / (精神・道徳などの)病気,病弊
女性の話術芸人 =diseur
消化の,消化力のある;消化を助ける / ダイジェスティブ(甘味の薄いビスケットの商標名)
病気にかかった / 病的な,不健全な(morbid)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/07 12:14:39」(JST)

wiki en

Gastrointestinal diseases refer to diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, namely the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum, and the accessory organs of digestion, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Oral disease

Even though anatomically part of the GI tract, diseases of the mouth are often not considered alongside other gastrointestinal diseases. By far the most common oral conditions are plaque-induced diseases (e.g. gingivitis, periodontitis, dental caries). Some diseases which involve other parts of the GI tract can manifest in the mouth, alone or in combination, including:

Gastroesophageal reflux disease can cause acid erosion of the teeth and halitosis.
Gardner's syndrome can be associated with failure of tooth eruption, supernumerary teeth, and dentigerous cysts.
Peutz–Jeghers syndrome can cause dark spots on the oral mucosa or on the lips or the skin around the mouth.
Several GI diseases, especially those associated with malabsorption, can cause recurrent mouth ulcers, atrophic glossitis, and angular cheilitis (e.g. Crohn's disease is sometimes termed orofacial granulomatosis when it involves the mouth alone).
Sideropenic dysphagia can cause glossitis, angular cheilitis.^[1]

Oesophageal disease

Oesophageal diseases include a spectrum of disorders affecting the oesophagus. The most common condition of the oesophagus in Western countries is gastroesophageal reflux disease,^[2] which in chronic forms is thought to result in changes to the epithelium of the oesophagus, known as Barrett's oesophagus.^[3]^:863–865

Acute disease might include infections such as oesophagitis, trauma caused ingestion of corrosive substances, or rupture of veins such as oesophageal varices, Boerhaave syndrome or Mallory-Weiss tears. Chronic diseases might include congenital diseases such as Zenker's diverticulum and esophageal webbing, and oesophageal motility disorders including the nutcracker oesophagus, achalasia, diffuse oesophageal spasm, and oesophageal stricture.^[3]^{:853, 863–868}

Oesophageal disease may result in a sore throat, throwing up blood, difficulty swallowing or vomiting. Chronic or congenital diseases might be investigated using barium swallows, endoscopy and biopsy, whereas acute diseases such as reflux may be investigated and diagnosed based on symptoms and a medical history alone.^[3]^:863–867

Gastric disease

Stomach diseases refer to diseases affecting the stomach. Inflammation of the stomach by infection from any cause is called gastritis, and when including other parts of the gastrointestinal tract called gastroenteritis. When gastritis is persists in a chronic state, it is associated with several diseases, including atrophic gastritis, pyloric stenosis, and gastric cancer. Another common condition is gastric ulceration, peptic ulcers. Ulceration erodes the gastric mucosa, which protects the tissue of the stomach from the stomach acids. Peptic ulcers are most commonly caused by a bacterial Helicobacter pylori infection.^[3] ^:870–871

As well as peptic ulcers, vomiting blood may result from abnormal arteries or veins that have ruptured, including Dieulafoy's lesion and Gastric antral vascular ectasia. Congenital disorders of the stomach include pernicious anaemia, in which a targeted immune response against parietal cells results in an inability to absorb vitamin B12. Other common symptoms that stomach disease might cause include indigestion or dyspepsia, vomiting, and in chronic disease, digestive problems leading to forms of malnutrition.^[3] ^:850–853 In addition to routine tests, an endoscopy might be used to examine or take a biopsy from the stomach.^[3] ^:848

Intestinal disease

The small and large intestines may be affected by infectious, autoimmune, and physiological states. Inflammation of the intestines is called enterocolitis, which may lead to diarrhoea.

Acute conditions affecting the bowels include infectious diarrhoea and mesenteric ischaemia. Causes of constipation may include faecal impaction and bowel obstruction, which may in turn be caused by ileus, intussusception, volvulus. Inflammatory bowel disease is a condition of unknown aetiology, classified as either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, that can affect the intestines and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Other causes of illness include intestinal pseudoobstruction, and necrotizing enterocolitis.^[3]^{:850–862, 895–903}

Diseases of the intestine may cause vomiting, diarrhoea or constipation, and altered stool, such as with blood in stool. Colonoscopy may be used to examine the large intestine, and a person's stool may be sent for culture and microscopy. Infectious disease may be treated with targeted antibiotics, and inflammatory bowel disease with immunosuppression. Surgery may also be used to treat some causes of bowel obstruction.^[3]^:850–862

Small intestine

The small intestine consists of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Inflammation of the small intestine is called enteritis, which if localised to just part is called duodenitis, jejunitis and ileitis, respectively. Peptic ulcers are also common in the duodenum.^[3]^:879–884

Chronic diseases of malabsorption may affect the small intestine, including the autoimmune coeliac disease, infective Tropical sprue, and congenital or surgical short bowel syndrome. Other rarer diseases affecting the small intestine include Curling's ulcer, blind loop syndrome, Milroy disease and Whipple's disease. Tumours of the small intestine include gastrointestinal stromal tumours, lipomas, hamartomas and carcinoid syndromes.^[3]^:879–887

Diseases of the small intestine may present with symptoms such as diarrhoea, malnutrition, fatigue and weight loss. Investigations pursued may include blood tests to monitor nutrition, such as iron levels, folate and calcium, endoscopy and biopsy of the duodenum, and barium swallow. Treatments may include renutrition, and antibiotics for infections.^[3]^:879–887

Large intestine

Abdominal X-rays may be used to visualise the large intestine.

Diseases that affect the large intestine may affect it in whole or in part. Appendicitis is one such disease, caused by inflammation of the appendix. Generalised inflammation of the large intestine is referred to as colitis, which when caused be the bacteria Clostridium difficile is referred to as pseudomembranous colitis. Diverticulitis is a common cause of abdominal pain resulting from outpouchings that particularly affects the colon. Functional colonic diseases refer to disorders without a known cause, and include irritable bowel syndrome and intestinal pseudoobstruction. Constipation may result from lifestyle factors, impaction of a rigid stool in the rectum, or in neonates, Hirschprung's disease.^[3]^:913–915

Diseases affecting the large intestine may cause to be passed with stool, may cause constipation, or may result in abdominal pain or a fever. Tests that specifically examine the function of the large intestine include barium swallows, abdominal x-rays, and colonoscopy.^[3]^:913–915

Rectum and anus

Diseases affecting the rectum and anus are extremely common, especially in older adults. Hemorrhoids, vascular outpouchings of skin, are very common, as is pruritus ani, referring to anal itchiness. Other conditions, such as anal cancer may be associated with ulcerative colitis or with sexually transmitted infections such as HIV. Inflammation of the rectum is known as proctitis, one cause of which is radiation damage associated with radiotherapy to other sites such as the prostate. Faecal incontinence can result from mechanical and neurological problems, and when associated with a lack of voluntary voiding ability is described as encopresis. Pain on passing stool may result from anal abscesses, small inflamed nodules, anal fissures, and anal fistulas.^[3]^:915–916

Rectal and anal disease may be asymptomatic, or may present with pain when passing stools, fresh blood in stool, a feeling of incomplete emptying, or pencil-thin stools. In addition to regular tests, medical tests used to investigate the anus and rectum include the digital rectal exam and proctoscopy.

Accessory digestive gland disease

Hepatic

Hepatic diseases refers to those affecting the liver. Hepatitis refers to inflammation of liver tissue, and may be acute or chronic. Infectious viral hepatitis, such as hepatitis A, B and C, affect in excess of (X) million people worldwide. Liver disease may also be a result of lifestyle factors, such as fatty liver and NASH. Alcoholic liver disease may also develop as a result of chronic alcohol use, which may also cause alcoholic hepatitis. Cirrhosis may develop as a result of chronic hepatic fibrosis in a chronically inflamed liver, such as one affected by alcohol or viral hepatitis.^[3]^:947–958

Liver abscesses are often acute conditions, with common causes being pyogenic and amoebic. Chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis, may be a cause of liver failure, a state where the liver is unable to compensate for chronic damage, and unable to meet the metabolic demands of the body. In the acute setting, this may be a cause of hepatic encephalopathy and hepatorenal syndrome. Other causes of chronic liver disease are genetic or autoimmune disease, such as hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, autoimmune hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis.^[3]^{:959–963, 971}

Acute liver disease rarely results in pain, but may result in jaundice. Infectious liver disease may cause a fever. Chronic liver disease may result in a buildup of fluid in the abdomen, yellowing of the skin or eyes, easy bruising, immunosuppression, and feminsation.^{[citation needed]} Portal hypertension is often present, and this may lead to the development of prominent veins in many parts of the body, such as oesophageal varices, and haemorrhoids.^[3]^{:959–963, 971–973}

In order to investigate liver disease, a medical history, including regarding a person's family history, travel to risk-prone areas, alcohol use and food consumption, may be taken. A medical examination may be conducted to investigate for symptoms of liver disease. Blood tests may be used, particularly liver function tests, and other blood tests may be used to investigate the presence of the Hepatitis viruses in the blood, and ultrasound used. If ascites is present, abdominal fluid may be tested for protein levels.^[3]^{:921, 926–927}

Pancreatic

Pancreatic diseases that affect digestion refers to disorders affecting the exocrine pancreas, which is a part of the pancreas involved in digestion.

One of the most common conditions of the exocrine pancreas is acute pancreatitis, which in the majority of cases relates to gallstones that have impacted in the pancreatic part of the biliary tree, or due to acute or chronic alcohol abuse or as a side-effect of ERCP. Other forms of pancreatitis include chronic and hereditary forms. Chronic pancreatitis may predispose to pancreatic cancer and is strongly linked to alcohol use. Other rarer diseases affecting the pancreas may include pancreatic pseudocysts, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and pancreatic fistulas.^[3]^:888–891

Pancreatic disease may present with or without symptoms. When symptoms occur, such as in acute pancreatitis, a person may suffer from acute-onset, severe mid-abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. In severe cases, pancreatitis may lead to rapid blood loss and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. When the pancreas is unable to secrete digestive enzymes, such as with a pancreatic cancer occluding the pancreatic duct, result in jaundice. Pancreatic disease might be investigated using abdominal x-rays, MRCP or ERCP, CT scans, and through blood tests such as measurement of the amylase and lipase enzymes.^[3]^:888–894

Gallbladder and biliary tract

Diseases of the hepatobiliary system affect the biliary tract (also known as the biliary tree), which secretes bile in order to aid digestion of fats. Diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts are commonly diet-related, and may include the formation of gallstones that impact in the gallbladder (cholecystolithiasis) or in the common bile duct (choledocholithiasis).^[3]^:977–978

Gallstones are a common cause of inflammation of the gallbladder, called cholecystitis. Inflammation of the biliary duct is called cholangitis, which may be associated with autoimmune disease, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, or a result of bacterial infection, such as ascending cholangitis.^[3]^{:977–978, 963–968}

Disease of the biliary tree may cause pain in the upper right abdomen, particularly when pressed. Disease might be investigated using ultrasound or ERCP, and might be treated with drugs such as antibiotics or UDCA, or by the surgical removal of the gallbladder.^[3]^:977–979

References

^ Yamada T; Alpers DH; et al. (2009). Textbook of gastroenterology (5th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub. pp. 2774–2784. ISBN 978-1-4051-6911-0.
^ "Esophagus Disorders". Medline Plus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w the editors Nicki R. Colledge, Brian R. Walker, Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert Britton (2010). Davidson's principles and practice of medicine. (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7020-3085-7.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 神経系のライム病 nervous system lyme disease
2. 成人の非糖尿病性慢性腎臓病患者に対する降圧療法と病状の進展 antihypertensive therapy and progression of nondiabetic chronic kidney disease in adults
3. ウィルソン病：臨床症状、診断、および自然史 wilson disease clinical manifestations diagnosis and natural history
4. パーキンソン病による認識機能障害および認知症 cognitive impairment and dementia in parkinson disease
5. 混合性結合組織病の臨床症状 clinical manifestations of mixed connective tissue disease

English Journal

Overexpression of SIX1 is an independent prognostic marker in stage I-III colorectal cancer.

Kahlert C1, Lerbs T1, Pecqueux M1, Herpel E2, Hoffmeister M3, Jansen L3, Brenner H3, Chang-Claude J4, Bläker H5, Kloor M2, Roth W2, Pilarsky C1, Rahbari NN1, Schölch S1, Bork U1, Reissfelder C1, Weitz J1, Aust D6, Koch M1.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2015 Nov 1;137(9):2104-13. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29596. Epub 2015 May 21.
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes significantly to tumor progression and metastasis. The assessment of EMT-associated transcription factors could be a promising approach to identify biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in colorectal cancer. In our study, we focused on th
PMID 25951369

TERT gene harbors multiple variants associated with pancreatic cancer susceptibility.

Campa D1, Rizzato C2, Stolzenberg-Solomon R3, Pacetti P4, Vodicka P5, Cleary SP6, Capurso G7, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB8,9,10,11, Werner J12, Gazouli M13, Butterbach K14, Ivanauskas A15, Giese N12, Petersen GM16, Fogar P17, Wang Z3, Bassi C18, Ryska M19, Theodoropoulos GE20, Kooperberg C21, Li D22, Greenhalf W23, Pasquali C24, Hackert T12, Fuchs CS25, Mohelnikova-Duchonova B26, Sperti C24, Funel N27, Dieffenbach AK14,28, Wareham NJ29, Buring J30, Holcátová I31, Costello E23, Zambon CF32, Kupcinskas J15, Risch HA33, Kraft P34, Bracci PM35, Pezzilli R36, Olson SH37, Sesso HD30,34, Hartge P3, Strobel O12, Małecka-Panas E38, Visvanathan K39, Arslan AA40, Pedrazzoli S41, Souček P42, Gioffreda D43, Key TJ44, Talar-Wojnarowska R38, Scarpa A45, Mambrini A4, Jacobs EJ46, Jamroziak K47, Klein A48, Tavano F43, Bambi F49, Landi S50, Austin MA51, Vodickova L5, Brenner H14,28, Chanock SJ3, Delle Fave G7, Piepoli A43, Cantore M4, Zheng W52, Wolpin BM25, Amundadottir LT3, Canzian F2.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2015 Nov 1;137(9):2175-83. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29590. Epub 2015 Jun 19.
A small number of common susceptibility loci have been identified for pancreatic cancer, one of which is marked by rs401681 in the TERT-CLPTM1L gene region on chromosome 5p15.33. Because this region is characterized by low linkage disequilibrium, we sought to identify whether additional single nucle
PMID 25940397

Current state on the development of nanoparticles for use against bacterial gastrointestinal pathogens. Focus on chitosan nanoparticles loaded with phenolic compounds.

Madureira AR1, Pereira A1, Pintado M2.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2015 Oct 5;130:429-39. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.030. Epub 2015 May 21.
Gastrointestinal diseases have a huge impact especially in third world countries, making it urgent to seek new effective antimicrobial therapies. Thus, the development of nanoparticles (NPs) with bioactive compounds having antimicrobial activity has been the target of research over the past years. T
PMID 26076644

Japanese Journal

移植片対白血病効果を保ちつつベクロメタゾン腸溶性製剤で腸管移植片対宿主病抑制を得た急性期慢性骨髄性白血病

横山明弘,工藤昌尚,籠尾壽哉,大橋晃太,細田亮,朴載源,上野博則,矢野尊啓
日本造血細胞移植学会雑誌 4(3), 82-86, 2015
症例は47歳男性。Imatinibのコンプライアンス不良で急性期慢性骨髄性白血病に移行し，dasatinib使用後に中枢神経浸潤を併発した。病勢をコントロールし，同種骨髄移植と全脳照射を施行した。肝臓，消化管を主体とした重複型慢性移植片対宿主病（GVHD）に対し，day 107よりmethylprednisolone 1mg/kg/日の投与を開始した。Day 121にmajor bcr-abl …
NAID 130005088501

嚥下内視鏡検査による嚥下評価の試み

三枝陽一,美原静香,加藤彩,吉澤奈津子,西元寺克禮,大井田正人
Progress of Digestive
… The indications for PEG must be based on an appropriate evaluation of swallowing, now more important because of the revised medical payment system. … VE images were evaluated using Hyodo's scoring system to determine indications for PEG. …
NAID 130005084317

Surgical Skill-up Seminar (Northern Yokohama Skill-up Seminar; NYSS) Using a Wet-lab Training System for Clinical Residents of Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital

Narushima Michiaki
Showa Univ J Med Sci 26(1), 1-7, 2014-03
… This seminar is held on an autumn Saturday afternoon at Terumo Medical Pranex® in Nakai-cho, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa, in collaboration with the Department of Medical Education, Digestive Disease Center and other surgical departments. …
NAID 120005536493