WordNet

being twofold; a classification into two opposed parts or subclasses; "the dichotomy between eastern and western culture" (同)duality
the other one of a complementary pair; "the opposite sex"; "the two chess kings are set up on squares of opposite colors"
of leaves etc; growing in pairs on either side of a stem; "opposite leaves" (同)paired
altogether different in nature or quality or significance; "the medicines effect was opposite to that intended"; "it is said that opposite characters make a union happiest"- Charles Reade
being directly across from each other; facing; "And I on the opposite shore will be, ready to ride and spread the alarm"- Longfellow; "we lived on opposite sides of the street"; "at opposite poles"
moving or facing away from each other; "looking in opposite directions"; "they went in opposite directions"

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〈C〉二分,両分 / 〈U〉(論理学で)二分法 / 〈U〉〈C〉(生物の)叉(さ)状分枝,両軸分枝 / 〈U〉半月,弦月
(位置が)『向こう側の』,反対側の,向かい合わせの / (動く方向が)反対の / (性質上)『正反対の』,相入れない / (…の)『正反対の人』(『物』),相入れないもの《+『of』+『名』》 / …に向かい合って

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/12 19:36:19」(JST)

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This article is about dichotomy in logic and related topics. For usage of "dichotomous" in botany, see Glossary of botanical terms .

An example of a dichotomy is the partition of a scene into figure and ground – the letters are foreground or figure; the rest is the background.

Look up dichotomy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

A dichotomy is any splitting of a whole into exactly two non-overlapping parts, meaning it is a procedure in which a whole is divided into two parts. It is a partition of a whole (or a set) into two parts (subsets) that are:

jointly exhaustive: everything must belong to one part or the other, and
mutually exclusive: nothing can belong simultaneously to both parts.

Such a partition is also frequently called a bipartition.

The two parts thus formed are complements. In logic, the partitions are opposites if there exists a proposition such that it holds over one and not the other.

Etymology[edit]

The term comes from the Greek dichotomia (Greek: "διχοτομία") (divided): dich- (form of dícha, in two, asunder); tomia- a combining form meaning cutting, incision, excision of an object.

Usage[edit]

The above applies directly when the term is used in mathematics, philosophy, literature, or linguistics. For example, if there is a concept A, and it is split into parts B and not-B, then the parts form a dichotomy: they are mutually exclusive, since no part of B is contained in not-B and vice-versa, and they are jointly exhaustive, since they cover all of A, and together again give A.
In set theory, a dichotomous relation R is such that either aRb, bRa or both.
In statistics, dichotomous data may only exist at first two levels of measurement, namely at nominal level of measurement (such as in case of "British", "American", "Australian" etc. when measuring nationality) and at ordinal level of measurement (such as in case of "tall" vs "short", when measuring height).
In the classification of mental disorders in psychiatry or clinical psychology, dichotomous classification or categorization refers to the use of cut-offs intended to separate disorder from non-disorder at some level of abnormality, severity or disability
A false dichotomy is an informal fallacy consisting of a supposed dichotomy which fails one or both of the conditions: it is not jointly exhaustive and/or not mutually exclusive. In its most common form, two entities are presented as if they are exhaustive, when in fact other alternatives are possible. In some cases, they may be presented as if they are mutually exclusive although there is a broad middle ground (see also undistributed middle).
In economics, the classical dichotomy is the division between the real side of the economy and the monetary side. According to the classical dichotomy, changes in monetary variables do not affect real values as output, employment, and the real interest rate. Money is therefore neutral in the sense that it cannot affect these real variables.
In biology, a dichotomy is a division of organisms into two groups, typically based on a characteristic present in one group and absent in the other. Such dichotomies are used as part of the process of identifying species, as part of a dichotomous key, which asks a series of questions, each of which narrows down the set of organisms. A well known dichotomy is the question "does it have a backbone?" used to divide species into vertebrates and invertebrates.
In botany, a dichotomy is a mode of branching by repeated bifurcation - thus a focus on branching rather than on division
In computer science, more specifically in programming-language engineering, the term dichotomy can denote fundamental dualities in a language's design. For instance, C++ has a dichotomy in its memory model (heap versus stack), whereas Java has a dichotomy in its type system (references versus primitive data types).
In the anthropological field of theology and in philosophy, dichotomy is the belief that humans consist of a soul and a body. (See Mind-body dichotomy.) This stands in contrast to trichotomy.
Perceived Dichotomies are common in Western thought. C. P. Snow believes that Western society has become an argument culture (The Two Cultures). In The Argument Culture (1998), Deborah Tannen suggests that the dialogue of Western culture is characterized by a warlike atmosphere in which the winning side has truth (like a trophy). Such a dialogue virtually ignores the middle alternatives.
In sociology and semiotics, dichotomies (also sometimes called 'binaries' and/or 'binarisms') are the subject of attention because they may form the basis to divisions and inequality. For example, the Domestic-public dichotomy divides men's and women's roles in a society; the East-West dichotomy contrasts the Orient and the Occident. Some social scientists attempt to deconstruct dichotomies in order to address the divisions and inequalities they create: for instance Judith Butler's deconstruction of the gender-dichotomy and Val Plumwood's deconstruction of the human-environment dichotomy.
The I Ching and taijitu represent the yin yang theories of traditional Chinese culture. However, these do not represent a true dichotomy as the symbol incorporates a portion of each in the other, representing a dialectic.
In Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, a treatment shown to have some success in treating some clients with Borderline Personality Disorder, an essential tool used is based on the idea of dichotomy. Dichotomy, in this case, is a self-defeating behavior using "all-or-nothing" or "black-and-white" thinking. The therapy teaches the patient how to change the dichotomy to a more "dialectical" (or "seeing the middle ground") way of thinking.
Divine Dichotomy as mentioned in the Conversations With God series of books by religious author Neale Donald Walsch
One type of dichotomy is dichotomous classification - classifying objects by recursively splitting them into two groups until all are separated and in their own unique category.
Astronomy defines a dichotomy as "the phase of the moon or an inferior planet in which half its disk appears illuminated"

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Much of the social behavior in which rodents engage is related to reproduction, such as maintaining a breeding territory, seeking mates, mating, and caring for their young. Rodents belong to the internally fertilizing species that require sexual behavior for reproduction. The dyadic, heterosexual pa
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Recent books, articles and plays about the 'immortal' HeLa cell line have prompted renewed interest in the history of tissue culture methods that were first employed in 1907 and became common experimental tools during the twentieth century. Many of these sources claim tissue cultures like HeLa had a
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Japanese Journal

Crossover between BCS Superconductor and Doped Mott Insulator of d-Wave Pairing State in Two-Dimensional Hubbard Model

Yokoyama Hisatoshi,Ogata Masao,Tanaka Yukio,Kobayashi Kenji,Tsuchiura Hiroki
J Phys Soc Jpn 82(1), 014707-014707-27, 2013-01-15
… In this connection, we argue that the electrons near the antinodal points in the momentum space play a leading role in stabilizing the d-wave state, in contrast to the dichotomy of electronic roles in the momentum space proposed for the two-gap problem. …
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平家領の形成と領有構造

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史學雜誌 121(8), 1411-1435, 2012-08-20
… However, the factors determining the political choices made by Kiyomori cannot be thoroughly explained by such a dichotomy in relation to Goshirakawa-In. …
NAID 110009495838