"Neostriatum" redirects here. For the avian brain region formerly called the neostriatum, see nidopallium.
| Striatum |
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purple=caudate and putamen, orange=thalamus
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Two views of a model of the striatum. A: lateral aspect, B: medial aspect. (The lenticular nucleus is an alternative name for the putamen and globus pallidus.)
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| Details |
| Latin |
Corpus striatum, neostriatum |
| Identifiers |
| NeuroNames |
hier-207 |
| NeuroLex ID |
Striatum |
| TA |
A14.1.09.515 |
| FMA |
77616 |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy |
The striatum, also known as the neostriatum or striate nucleus, is a subcortical part of the forebrain. It receives input from the cerebral cortex and is the primary input to the basal ganglia system. In all primates, the striatum is divided by a white matter tract called the internal capsule into two sectors called the caudate nucleus and the putamen. The lenticular nucleus refers to the putamen together with the globus pallidus.[1]
Functionally, the striatum helps coordinate motivation with body movement. Body movements can be as simple as controlling fine-motor functions, or as complex as inhibiting one's behavior depending upon social interactions.[2]
Contents
- 1 Structure
- 1.1 Cell types
- 1.2 Anatomical subdivisions
- 1.3 Inputs (afferent connections)
- 1.4 Targets (efferent connections)
- 2 Function
- 3 Clinical significance
- 3.1 Parkinson's disease
- 3.2 Bipolar disorder
- 4 History
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Structure
Cell types
The striatum is heterogeneous in terms of its component neurons.[3]
- Spiny projection neurons, commonly referred to as medium spiny neurons, are the principal neurons of the striatum. They are GABAergic and, thus, are classified as inhibitory neurons. Depending on the species, spiny projection neurons comprise 90–95% of the total neuronal population.
- Cholinergic interneurons release acetylcholine, which has a variety of important effects in the striatum. In humans, non-human primates, and rodents, these interneurons respond to salient environmental stimuli with stereotyped responses that are temporally aligned with the responses of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra.[4][5] The large aspiny cholinergic interneurons themselves are affected by dopamine through dopamine receptors D5.[6]
- There are many types of GABAergic interneurons.[3] The best known are parvalbumin expressing interneurons, also known as fast-spiking interneurons, which participate in powerful feed-forward inhibition of principal neurons.[7] Also, there are GABAergic interneurons that express tyrosine hydroxylase,[8] somatostatin, nitric oxide synthase and neuropeptide-Y. Recently, two types of neuropeptide-y expressing GABAergic interneurons have been described in detail,[9] one of which translates synchronous activity of cholinergic interneurons into inhibition of principal neurons.[10]
Adult humans continuously produce new neurons in the striatum, and these neurons could play a possible role in new treatments for neurodegenerative disorders.[11]
Anatomical subdivisions
Matrix and Striosome Compartments: Fluorescence microscopy image of a coronal mouse brain section, cut through the striatum (caudate putamen, CP). The matrix/striosome division is here revealed by dual immunohistochemical (calbindin, CALB; green) and transgenic (red fluorescent protein, RFP; red) labeling of the matrix compartment, using the matrix-specific Cre-mouse line Gpr101-Cre.
[12] Unlabeled patches constitute striosomes.
This is a transverse section of the striatum from a structural MR image. The striatum includes the caudate nucleus (red,
top) and putamen (red,
right). The image also includes the globus pallidus (red,
lower-left), which is sometimes included when using the term corpus striatum.
The observable anatomical subdivisions of the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), in essence induced by the internal capsule, do not completely overlap with now-accepted anatomo-functional subdivisions. The selective distribution of the axonal terminal arborisations of cortical sources differentiate the sensorimotor striatum, mainly putaminal but located in its dorsal part and in the lateroinferior part of the caudate. A great part of the remaining volume (in essence, caudate) receives axonal endings from the frontal, parietal, and temporal cortex, forming the associative striatum. The separation between these two territories is rather clearcut and observable using calbindin immunochemistry. A third entity, the most inferomedial, raises more problems, as there is no general agreement about its border with the associative striatum.
The striatum can also be differentiated based on immunochemical characteristics—in particular with regard to acetylcholinesterase and calbindin —into "compartments", consisting of "striosomes" and the surrounding "matrix" (See figure "Matrix and Striosome Compartments").
Overview of the main circuits of the basal ganglia. The striatum is shown in blue. Picture shows 2 coronal slices that have been superimposed to include the involved basal ganglia structures.
+ and
– signs at the point of the arrows indicate respectively whether the pathway is excitatory or inhibitory in effect.
Green arrows refer to excitatory glutamatergic pathways,
red arrows refer to inhibitory GABAergic pathways and
turquoise arrows refer to dopaminergic pathways that are excitatory on the direct pathway and inhibitory on the indirect pathway.
Inputs (afferent connections)
The most important afferent in terms of quantity of axons is the corticostriatal connection. Many parts of the neocortex innervate the dorsal striatum. The cortical pyramidal neurons projecting to the striatum are located in layers II-VI, but the most dense projections come from layer V.[13] They end mainly on the spines of the spiny neurons. They are glutamatergic, exciting striatal neurons. Another well-known afferent is the nigrostriatal connection arising from the neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. While cortical axons synapse mainly on spine heads of spiny neurons, nigral axons synapse mainly on spine shafts. In primates, the thalamostriatal afferent comes from the central median-parafascicular complex of the thalamus (see primate basal ganglia system). This afferent is glutamatergic. The participation of truly intralaminar neurons is much more limited. The striatum also receives afferents from other elements of the basal ganglia such as the subthalamic nucleus (glutamatergic) or the external globus pallidus (GABAergic).
Targets (efferent connections)
The basal ganglia core is made up of the striatum along with the regions to which it projects directly, via the striato-pallidonigral bundle. The striato-pallidonigral bundle is a very dense bundle of sparsely myelinated axons, giving a whitish appearance. This projection comprises successively the external globus pallidus (GPe), the internal globus pallidus (GPi), the pars compacta of the substantia nigra (SNc), and the pars reticulata of substantia nigra (SNr). The neurons of this projection are inhibited by GABAergic synapses from the dorsal striatum. Among these targets, the GPe does not send axons outside the system. Others send axons to the superior colliculus. Two others comprise the output to the thalamus, forming two separate channels: one through the internal segment of the globus pallidus to the ventral oralis nuclei of the thalamus and from there to the cortical supplementary motor area (SMA) and another through the substantia nigra to the ventral anterior nuclei of the thalamus and from there to the frontal cortex and the oculomotor cortex.
Function
The striatum is best known for its role in the planning and modulation of movement pathways, but is also potentially involved in a variety of other cognitive processes involving executive function, such as working memory.[14] Metabotropic dopamine receptors are present both on spiny neurons and on cortical axon terminals. Second messenger cascades triggered by activation of these dopamine receptors can modulate pre- and postsynaptic function, both in the short term and in the long term.[15][16] In humans, the striatum is activated by stimuli associated with reward, but also by aversive, novel, unexpected, or intense stimuli, and cues associated with such events.[17] fMRI evidence suggests that the common property linking these stimuli, to which the striatum is reacting, is salience under the conditions of presentation.[18][19] A number of other brain areas and circuits are also related to reward, such as frontal areas. The striatum is also associated with novelty-related decision-making behaviors.[20] Functional maps of the striatum reveal interactions with widely distributed regions of the cerebral cortex important to a diverse range of functions.[21]
The ventral tegmental dopaminergic neurons that innervate portions of the striatum are the primary site of rewarding feeling. Intracranial stimulation studies first done by James Olds and collaborators in the 1950s showed that implants in this brain area will elicit bar pressing from rats for many hours at a time.[22] Interference with dopamine neurotransmission impairs behavioral reward processes and their underlying neuronal mechanisms.[16][17]
Clinical significance
Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease results in loss of dopaminergic innervation to the striatum (and other basal ganglia) and a cascade of consequences. Atrophy of the striatum is also involved in Huntington's disease, choreas, choreoathetosis, and dyskinesias.[23] It is also thought that addiction involves plasticity at striatal synapses.
Bipolar disorder
There is an association between striatal expression of the PDE10A gene and some bipolar disorder I patients.[24]
History
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the term "corpus striatum" was used to designate many distinct, deep, infracortical elements of the hemisphere.[25] In 1941, Cécile and Oskar Vogt simplified the nomenclature by proposing the term striatum for all elements built with striatal elements (see primate basal ganglia system): the caudate, the putamen, and the fundus striati, that ventral part linking the two preceding together ventrally to the inferior part of the internal capsule.
The term neostriatum was forged by comparative anatomists comparing the subcortical structures between vertebrates, because it was thought to be a phylogenetically newer section of the corpus striatum. The term is still used by some sources, including Medical Subject Headings.[26]
See also
- List of regions in the human brain
- Striatopallidal fibres
- Ventral striatum
References
- ^ "DBS: The Basal Ganglia".
- ^ Rolls, Edmund (Aug–Sep 1994). "Neurophysiology and cognitive functions of the striatum.". Révue Neurologique 150 (8–9): 648–60. PMID 7754303.
- ^ a b Tepper JM, Tecuapetla F, Koós T, Ibáñez-Sandoval O. Front Neuroanat. 2010 Dec 29;4:150. doi: 10.3389/fnana.2010.00150. PMID 21228905
- ^ Goldberg, JA; Reynolds, JN (Dec 2011). "Spontaneous firing and evoked pauses in the tonically active cholinergic interneurons of the striatum.". Neuroscience 198: 27–43. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.067. PMID 21925242.
- ^ "Coincident but distinct messages of midbrain dopamine and striatal tonically active neurons.". Neuron 43 (1): 133–43. Jul 2004. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.06.012. PMID 15233923.
- ^ Bergson, C; Mrzljak, L; Smiley, J. F.; Pappy, M; Levenson, R; Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1995). "Regional, cellular, and subcellular variations in the distribution of D1 and D5 dopamine receptors in primate brain". The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 15 (12): 7821–36. PMID 8613722. edit
- ^ "Inhibitory control of neostriatal projection neurons by GABAergic interneurons.". Nat Neurosci 2 (5): 467–72. May 1999. doi:10.1038/8138. PMID 10321252.
- ^ Ibáñez-Sandoval, O; Tecuapetla, F; Unal, B; Shah, F; Koós, T; Tepper, JM (2010). "Electrophysiological and morphological characteristics and synaptic connectivity of tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing neurons in adult mouse striatum.". J Neurosci 30 (20): 6999–7016. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5996-09.2010. PMID 20484642.
- ^ Ibáñez-Sandoval, O; Tecuapetla, F; Unal, B; Shah, F; Koós, T; Tepper, JM (Nov 2011). "A novel functionally distinct subtype of striatal neuropeptide Y interneuron.". J Neurosci 31 (46): 16757–69. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2628-11.2011. PMID 22090502.
- ^ English DF, Ibanez-Sandoval O, Stark E, Tecuapetla F, Buzsáki G, Deisseroth K, Tepper JM, Koos T. Nat Neurosci. 2011 Dec 11;15(1):123-30. doi: 10.1038/nn.2984. PMID 22158514
- ^ "Neuron-generating brain region could hold promise for neurodegenerative therapies". Science Daily. February 20, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
- ^ Reinius B et al. (March 27, 2015). "Conditional targeting of medium spiny neurons in the striatal matrix". Front. Behav. Neurosci.
- ^ Rosell A, Giménez-Amaya JM (1999). "Anatomical re-evaluation of the corticostriatal projections to the caudate nucleus: a retrograde labeling study in the cat". Neurosci Res 34 (4): 257–69. doi:10.1016/S0168-0102(99)00060-7. PMID 10576548.
- ^ Voytek, Bradley; Knight, Robert T. (19 October 2010). "Prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia contributions to working memory". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (42): 18167–18172. doi:10.1073/pnas.1007277107.
- ^ Greengard, P (2001). "The neurobiology of slow synaptic transmission". Science 294 (5544): 1024–30. doi:10.1126/science.294.5544.1024. PMID 11691979. edit
- ^ a b Cachope, R; Cheer (2014). "Local control of striatal dopamine release". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 8: 188. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00188. PMC 4033078. PMID 24904339. edit
- ^ a b Volman, S. F.; Lammel; Margolis; Kim; Richard; Roitman; Lobo (2013). "New insights into the specificity and plasticity of reward and aversion encoding in the mesolimbic system". Journal of Neuroscience 33 (45): 17569–76. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3250-13.2013. PMC 3818538. PMID 24198347. edit
- ^ LUNA, BEATRIZ; SWEENEY, JOHN A. (1 June 2004). "The Emergence of Collaborative Brain Function: fMRI Studies of the Development of Response Inhibition". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1021 (1): 296–309. doi:10.1196/annals.1308.035.
- ^ "Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience: About the Department".
- ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/0806/08062502
- ^ Choi EY, Yeo BT, Buckner RL (2012). "The organization of the human striatum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity". Journal of Neurophysiology 108 (8): 2242–2263. doi:10.1152/jn.00270.2012. PMID 22832566.
- ^ Olds, J; Milner, P (1954). "Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain.".". Journal of comparative and physiological psychology 47 (6): 419–27. doi:10.1037/h0058775.
- ^ Walker FO (January 2007). "Huntington's disease". Lancet 369 (9557): 218–28. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60111-1. PMID 17240289.
- ^ Science Daily: Scientists pinpoint gene variations linked to higher risk of bipolar disorder
- ^ Raymond Vieussens, 1685
- ^ Neostriatum at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Striatum. |
- Stained brain slice images which include the "striatum" at the BrainMaps project
- hier-207 at NeuroNames
- Corpus Striatum at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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Rostral Basal ganglia of the human brain and associated structures
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| Basal ganglia |
| Grey matter |
| Corpus striatum |
- lentiform nucleus: Putamen
- Globus pallidus
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| Ventral striatum |
- Nucleus accumbens
- Olfactory tubercle
- Islands of Calleja
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| Other |
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| White matter |
- Internal capsule
- Anterior limb
- Genu
- Posterior limb
- Optic radiation
- External capsule
- Extreme capsule
- Pallidothalamic tracts: Thalamic fasciculus
- Ansa lenticularis
- Lenticular fasciculus
- Subthalamic fasciculus
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| Rhinencephalon |
| Grey matter |
- Anterior olfactory nucleus
- Anterior perforated substance
- Olfactory bulb
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| White matter |
- Olfactory tract
- Medial olfactory stria
- Lateral olfactory stria
- Olfactory trigone
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| Other basal forebrain |
| Grey matter |
- Substantia innominata
- Basal optic nucleus of Meynert
- Nucleus of diagonal band
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| White matter |
- Diagonal band of Broca
- Stria terminalis
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Archicortex:
Hippocampal formation/
Hippocampus anatomy |
| Grey matter |
- Hippocampus proper
- Dentate gyrus
- Subiculum
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| White matter |
- Alveus
- Fimbria
- Perforant path
- Schaffer collateral
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Index of the central nervous system
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- meninges
- cortex
- association fibers
- commissural fibers
- lateral ventricles
- basal ganglia
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- pons
- cerebellum
- medulla
- spinal cord
- Physiology
- Development
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| Disease |
- Cerebral palsy
- Meningitis
- Demyelinating diseases
- Seizures and epilepsy
- Headache
- Stroke
- Sleep
- Congenital
- Injury
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- head and neck
- eponymous
- lesions
- Tests
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- general anesthetics
- analgesics
- addiction
- epilepsy
- cholinergics
- migraine
- Parkinson's
- vertigo
- other
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Brain and spinal cord: neural tracts and fasciculi
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Sensory/
ascending |
| PCML |
| 1°: |
- Pacinian corpuscle/Meissner's corpuscle → Posterior column (Gracile fasciculus/Cuneate fasciculus) → Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus
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| 2°: |
- → sensory decussation/arcuate fibers (Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers) → Medial lemniscus/Trigeminal lemniscus → Thalamus (VPL, VPM)
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| 3°: |
- → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Postcentral gyrus
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Anterolateral/
pain |
| Fast/lateral |
- 1° (Free nerve ending → A delta fiber) → 2° (Anterior white commissure → Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tract → Spinal lemniscus → VPL of Thalamus) → 3° (Postcentral gyrus) → 4° (Posterior parietal cortex)
2° (Spinomesencephalic tract → Superior colliculus of Midbrain tectum)
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| Slow/medial |
- 1° (Group C nerve fiber → Spinoreticular tract → Reticular formation) → 2° (MD of Thalamus) → 3° (Cingulate cortex)
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Motor/
descending |
| Pyramidal |
- flexion: Primary motor cortex → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Decussation of pyramids → Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) → Neuromuscular junction
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| Extrapyramidal |
| flexion: |
- Primary motor cortex → Genu of internal capsule → Corticobulbar tract → Facial motor nucleus → Facial muscles
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| flexion: |
- Red nucleus → Rubrospinal tract
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| extension: |
- Vestibulocerebellum → Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulospinal tract
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| extension: |
- Vestibulocerebellum → Reticular formation → Reticulospinal tract
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- Midbrain tectum → Tectospinal tract → muscles of neck
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| Basal ganglia |
| direct: |
1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 4° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 5° (Motor cortex)
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| indirect: |
1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPe) → 3° (Subthalamic fasciculus → Subthalamic nucleus) → 4° (Subthalamic fasciculus → GPi) → 5° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 6° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 7° (Motor cortex)
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| nigrostriatal pathway: |
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| Cerebellar |
| Afferent |
- Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum → Granule cell
- Pontine nuclei → Pontocerebellar fibers → MCP → Deep cerebellar nuclei → Granule cell
- Inferior olivary nucleus → Olivocerebellar tract → ICP → Hemisphere → Purkinje cell → Deep cerebellar nuclei
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| Efferent |
- Dentate nucleus in Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum → SCP → Dentatothalamic tract → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex
- Interposed nucleus in Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum → SCP → Reticular formation, or → Cerebellothalamic tract → Red nucleus → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex
- Fastigial nucleus in Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum → Vestibulocerebellar tract → Vestibular nuclei
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Bidirectional:
Spinocerebellar |
Unconscious
proprioception |
- lower limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Posterior thoracic nucleus → Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellar vermis)
- upper limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Accessory cuneate nucleus → Cuneocerebellar tract → ICP → Anterior lobe of cerebellum)
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| Reflex arc |
- lower limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract→ SCP → Cerebellar vermis)
- upper limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Rostral spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum)
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Index of the central nervous system
|
|
| Description |
- Anatomy
- meninges
- cortex
- association fibers
- commissural fibers
- lateral ventricles
- basal ganglia
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- pons
- cerebellum
- medulla
- spinal cord
- Physiology
- Development
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| Disease |
- Cerebral palsy
- Meningitis
- Demyelinating diseases
- Seizures and epilepsy
- Headache
- Stroke
- Sleep
- Congenital
- Injury
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- head and neck
- eponymous
- lesions
- Tests
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- general anesthetics
- analgesics
- addiction
- epilepsy
- cholinergics
- migraine
- Parkinson's
- vertigo
- other
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Obsessive–compulsive disorder (F42, 300.3)
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| History |
- Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale
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| Biology |
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Neuroanatomy
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- Basal ganglia (striatum)
- Orbitofrontal cortex
- Cingulate cortex
- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
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Receptors
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- 5-HT1Dβ
- 5-HT2A
- 5-HT2C
- μ Opioid
- H2
- NK1
- M4
- NMDA
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| Symptoms |
- Obsessions (associative
- diagnostic
- injurious
- scrupulous
- pathogenic
- sexual)
- Compulsions (impulses, rituals
- tics)
- Thought suppression (avoidance)
- Hoarding (animals, books
- possessions)
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| Treatment |
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Serotonergics
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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- Escitalopram
- Fluoxetine
- Fluvoxamin
- Paroxetine
- Sertraline
- Citalopram
- Nefazodone
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Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
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- Venlafaxine
- Desvenlafaxine
- Duloxetine
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Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
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- Phenelzine
- Tranylcypromine
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Tricyclic antidepressants
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|
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Serotonergic psychedelics
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- Lysergic acid diethylamide
- Psilocin
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Nootropics
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Mu opioidergics
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- Hydrocodone
- Morphine
- Tramadol
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Anticholinergics
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NMDA glutamatergics
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NK-1 tachykininergics
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Other
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- Nicotine
- Memantine
- Tautomycin
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Behavioral
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- Cognitive behavioral therapy (Exposure and response prevention)
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| Organizations |
|
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| Notable people |
- Edna B. Foa
- Stanley Rachman
- Adam S. Radomsky
- Jeffrey M. Schwartz
- Susan Swedo
- Emily Colas
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| Popular culture |
|
Literature/Comics
|
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Fictional
|
- Matchstick Men
- Plyushkin
- Xenocide
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Nonfiction
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- Everything in Its Place
- Just Checking
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Media
|
- As Good as It Gets
- The Aviator
- Matchstick Men
- Adrian Monk
- Sheldon Cooper
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|
|
| Related |
- Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
- Obsessional jealousy
- Primarily Obsessional OCD
- Relationship obsessive–compulsive disorder
- Social anxiety disorder
- Tourette syndrome
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Index of psychology and psychiatry
|
|
| Description |
|
|
| Disorders |
- Mental and behavioral
- Mood
- Developmental
- pervasive
- dyslexia and specific
- Substance-related
- Emotional and behavioral
- Symptoms and signs
- Evaluation and testing
|
|
| Treatment |
- Psychotherapy
- Drugs
- depression
- antipsychotics
- anxiety
- dementia
- hypnotics and sedatives
- psychostimulants, ADHD and nootropics
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