同: 角膜反射

WordNet

closing the eyes intermittently and rapidly; "he stood blinking in the bright sunlight" (同)winking
an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus (同)reflex response, reflex action, instinctive reflex, innate reflex, inborn reflex, unconditioned_reflex, physiological reaction
the transparent dome-shaped anterior portion of the outer covering of the eye; it covers the iris and pupil and is continuous with the sclera
of or related to the cornea
(of leaves) bent downward and outward more than 90 degrees

PrepTutorEJDIC

《遠回しに》ひどい,いまわしい(bloody)
反射(刺激に対する無意識の反応) / 《複数形で》反射的な動き / (光などの)反射,反射光;映像 / 反射性の / (カメラが)レフ鋼の,反射型の
(眼球の)角膜
角膜の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/05/14 09:37:27」(JST)

wiki en

The corneal reflex, also known as the blink reflex, is an involuntary blinking of the eyelids elicited by stimulation of the cornea (such as by touching or by a foreign body), or bright light, though could result from any peripheral stimulus. Stimulation should elicit both a direct and consensual response (response of the opposite eye). The reflex consumes a rapid rate of 0.1 second. The evolutionary purpose of this reflex is to protect the eyes from foreign bodies and bright lights (the latter known as the optical reflex).^[1] The blink reflex also occurs when sounds greater than 40-60 dB are made.^[2]

The reflex is mediated by:

the nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic branch (V₁) of the 5th cranial nerve (trigeminal nerve) sensing the stimulus on the cornea, lid, or conjunctiva (i.e. it is the afferent).
the temporal and zygomatic branches of the 7th cranial nerve (Facial nerve) initiating the motor response (i.e. it is the efferent).
Mediated by centre in the pons of brainstem.

Use of contact lenses may diminish or abolish the testing of this reflex.

The optical reflex, on the other hand, is slower and is mediated by the visual cortex, which resides in the occipital lobe of the brain. The reflex is absent in infants under 9 months.

The examination of the corneal reflex is a part of some neurological exams, particularly when evaluating coma. Damage to the ophthalmic branch (V₁) of the 5th cranial nerve results in absent corneal reflex when the affected eye is stimulated. Stimulation of one cornea normally has a consensual response, with both eyelids normally closing.

Rates

When awake, the lids spread the tear secretions over the corneal surface, on a typical basis of 2 to 10 seconds (though this may vary individually). But blinking is not only dependent on dryness and/or irritation. A brain area, the globus pallidus of the basal ganglia contains a blinking center that controls blinking. Nonetheless, the external stimuli are still involved. Blinking is linked with the extraocular muscles. Blinking is often concurrent with a shift in gaze, and it is believed that this helps the movement of the eye.

References

^ "eye, human."Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2009
^ Garde, M.M., & Cowey, A. (2000). "Deaf hearing": Unacknowledged detection of auditory stimuli in a patient with cerebral deafness. Cortex 36(1), 71-80

External links

-751501308 at GPnotebook

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における詳細な神経学的検査 the detailed neurologic examination in adults
2. 成人における昏迷および昏睡 stupor and coma in adults
3. 新生児の神経学的検査 neurologic examination of the newborn
4. 後方循環系の脳血管症候群 posterior circulation cerebrovascular syndromes
5. 幼児および小児における精密な神経学的評価 detailed neurologic assessment of infants and children

English Journal

Validation of indicators used to assess unconsciousness in veal calves at slaughter.

Verhoeven MT1, Gerritzen MA1, Hellebrekers LJ2, Kemp B3.
Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience.Animal.2016 Sep;10(9):1457-65. doi: 10.1017/S1751731116000422. Epub 2016 Mar 11.
European legislation states that after stunning regular checks should be performed to guarantee animals are unconscious between the end of the stunning process and death. When animals are killed without prior stunning these checks should be performed before the animal is released from restraint. The
PMID 26965337

Ictal unilateral blinking is an unreliable lateralizing sign in tuberous sclerosis complex.

Jadhav T1, Bailey C1, Maixner W2, Harvey AS3.
Epilepsy research.Epilepsy Res.2016 Sep;125:58-61. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.06.006. Epub 2016 Jun 25.
OBJECTIVE: Ictal unilateral blinking is an uncommon but reportedly reliable lateralizing sign, indicating an ipsilateral seizure focus. We aimed to determine its lateralizing utility in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).METHODS: We reviewed the video-EEGs of 92 children with TSC and dru
PMID 27394375

Self-Assembled Thermoresponsive Nanogels Prepared by Reverse Micelle → Positive Micelle Method for Ophthalmic Delivery of Muscone, a Poorly Water-Soluble Drug.

Wang G1, Nie Q1, Zang C1, Zhang B2, Zhu Q1, Luo G1, Wang S1.
Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.J Pharm Sci.2016 Sep;105(9):2752-9. doi: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.02.014. Epub 2016 Mar 31.
This study aimed to design a nanocarrier ophthalmic delivery system of muscone, a poorly water-soluble drug. The muscone thermoresponsive nanogels were self-assembled by reverse micelle → positive micelle method. Muscone was demonstrated to have uniform narrow particle size distribution in nanogel
PMID 27041413

Japanese Journal

Anesthetic and pathological changes following high doses of ketamine and xylazine in Sprague Dawley rats

GIROUX Marie-Chantal,HELIE Pierre,BURNS Patrick [他],VACHON Pascal
Experimental Animals 64(3), 253-260, 2015
… The corneal and paw withdrawal reflex were also examined during anesthesia. … During anesthesia, withdrawal and corneal reflexes were absent for progressively longer durations with increasing age. …
NAID 130005091025

Anesthetic Effects of a Mixture of Medetomidine, Midazolam and Butorphanol in Two Strains of Mice

KIRIHARA Yumiko,TAKECHI Mayumi,KUROSAKI Kaoru [他],Kobayashi Yuta,Kurosawa Tsutomu
Experimental Animals 62(3), 173-180, 2013
… After intraperitoneal injection into mice, right front paw, left hind paw, and tail pinch reflexes as well as corneal and righting reflexes were observed. … Every 5 min, we scored each reflex category as 0 for reaction or 1 for no reaction. …
NAID 130003362954

Innervation of TRPV1-, PGP-, and CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the subepithelial layer of a whole mount preparation of the rat cornea

HIURA Akio,NAKAGAWA Hiroshi
Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica 89(2), 47-50, 2012
… The TRPV1-IR leash fibers were observed in the basal epithelial layer, presumably ensuring effective corneal reflex, response to noxious stimuli, and repair of cornea injury. …
NAID 130004773605

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「脳幹反射」「角膜反射」「winking」「blinking」「corneal reaction」
関連記事	「reflex」「corneal」

「脳幹反射」

　　[★]

英: brain stem reflex
関: 脳死判定基準

咳反射	cough reflex	せき
角膜反射	corneal reflex	かくまく
毛様体脊髄反射	ciliospinal reflex	もうようたいせきずい
眼球頭反射	oculocephalic reflex	がんきゅうとう
咽頭反射	pharyngeal reflex	いんとう
前庭反射	vestibular reflex	ぜんてい
対光反射	light reflex	たいこう