まばたき、ウインク

関: blink、blinking、corneal reflex

WordNet

briefly shut the eyes; "The TV announcer never seems to blink" (同)wink, nictitate, nictate
a reflex that closes and opens the eyes rapidly (同)eye blink, blinking, wink, winking, nictitation, nictation
closing the eyes intermittently and rapidly; "he stood blinking in the bright sunlight" (同)winking

PrepTutorEJDIC

(無意識に)『まばたきする』 / 〈灯火・星などが〉『明減する』,ぴかぴか光る(twinkle) / (欠点・悪事などを)見て見ぬふりをする《+『at』+『名』》 / (…を見て)目をぱちくりさせて驚く《+『at』+『名』》 / 〈目〉'を'まばたきする / 〈灯火〉'を'点滅させる / …'を'見て見ぬふりをする / またたき / きらめき
《遠回しに》ひどい,いまわしい(bloody)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/22 11:36:21」(JST)

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A wink is a facial expression made by briefly closing one eye.^[1] A wink is an informal mode of non-verbal communication usually signaling shared hidden knowledge or

1 General overview and meanings
- 1.1 Single wink
  - 1.1.1 Shared secret knowledge
  - 1.1.2 Approval/comfort
  - 1.1.3 Sexual/flirting
- 1.2 Double wink
- 1.3 Both eyes (bat/flutter)
- 1.4 Trust
- 1.5 The "click"
2 Cultural specific differences
- 2.1 The West
- 2.2 Latin America
- 2.3 Asia
- 2.4 Africa
3 Noted examples
4 Physiological ability
5 Abnormalities
6 See also
7 References

General overview and meanings

Winking^[2] is one of the more subtle gestures, usually involving eye contact between those involved. In most cases it is only meant to be known by the sender and his or her intended receiver(s), but in some cases can be more widely intended.

Single wink

Gale Henry, 1919

A single wink is usually a friendly gesture implying a degree of solidarity and/or intimacy.

Shared secret knowledge

A typical use of the wink is to quietly send a message that third parties are not aware of. For example, while person A is lying to person B or deliberately teasing him, he might wink at person C as a means of indicating the fact to C and incorporating him in the "conspiracy". Alternatively, if person A is joking or teasing person B in a friendly way, person A may wink directly at person B as a way to suggest to him that his own (A's) words are to be taken as a joke. It is also possible for person A to use winking in order to secretly imply to person B that the words or actions of some third party should not be taken seriously (for example, because the third party is joking or lying).

Approval/comfort

A wink could also be used as a somewhat humorous way to express sympathy, solidarity and encouragement, especially when the winker is trying to put the receiver at ease in a situation where they might feel nervous or uncomfortable. In such cases the meaning of a wink is not unlike that of a "thumbs up".

Sexual/flirting

In some cultures it is often a sexual interest, or flirtatious manner, during momentary eye contact. This is often followed by a smile, and usually a smile from the receiver, if it is accepted/approved, or combined with blushing if they are embarrassed. A smile from the receiver sometimes—but not always—indicates (sexual) interest in the winker. For example, in the WoDaaBe tribe in the Niger area, a man who wants to have sex with a girl can wink at her. If the girl continues to look at him, he will slightly move his lip corner, showing the way to the bush the girl is expected to have sex with him in.^[3]

Double wink

Like a single wink but more emphatic, two winks in a row may be used by the sender as a subtle way to imply that something said by the sender, immediately beforehand, was "sneaky", "tricky", "misleading", or "untrue" to the receiver. In English-speaking countries, this has also given rise to the expression of vocally saying "wink wink" while winking, or sometimes while not even winking at all - in this case, the sender is not communicating the "trickiness" of his words to a third party, but to the receiver, and is thus signalling that his words should not be taken literally but as a hint or euphemism.

Both eyes (bat/flutter)

To close and open, or "wink", both eyes is usually an involuntary action known as a "blink". Though if done intentionally, in a particular way (such as once slowly or a few times in a row quickly), while giving a sweet or suggestive look with the eyes, often with the head tilted or at an angle in combination with the shoulders, is known as to "bat an eyelash", "bat/batting eyelashes", or "flutter/fluttering eyelashes". This is most commonly done by girls, as a way of flirting, showing interest, or in an attempt to persuade the receiver.

Trust

In particularly difficult or strenuous situations, Person A may wink at Person B to non-verbally communicate that Person B can trust Person A. An extreme example of this could be undercover cops when one does something otherwise questionable.

The "click"

In addition to the traditional "wink", a "clicking" sound is made with the side of the tongue and gums, with particular emphasis on timing the "click" with the "wink" at exactly the same time. The "click" is typically used to signify agreement or satisfaction.^{[citation needed]}

Cultural specific differences

The West

As explained above, winking in Western culture can be used as a way of letting someone else know that the winker or some other person is joking or lying (e.g., a mother tells her child a story about a fairy princess, and she then winks at the child's older sibling, the sibling thus knows the mother is lying to the younger child). It may also be used to communicate sexual intentions, ranging from flirtation to an explicit invitation.

Latin America

In some Latin American cultures, winking may also be a romantic or sexual invitation.^[4]

Asia

In China and reportedly to some extent in India, winking may be seen as an offensive gesture.^[5] When Frederick Spencer Chapman was training Chinese guerillas in Malaya to shoot rifles, he found that a large proportion of them were unable to close only one eye at a time.^[6]

However, winking in the Indian subcontinent often has similar connotations as in the West. It can be used to signal an "inside" joke, a sly gesture shared between two people privately, unbeknownst to those around them, as in a social gathering. It can also be a naughty "come on" by a girl to a boy or vice versa.

Africa

West African parents may wink to signal children to leave the room, especially when there is a guest, or another adult coming in. It is considered rude for children to stay in a room where adults or elders want to have a conversation, and so winking is used as a more discreet way to tell the children to leave the room. Parents also try not to embarrass themselves in front of guests, because their children do not understand immediately when it is time to leave the room. ^[4]^[7]

Noted examples

In the famous Monty Python sketch Nudge Nudge, a younger man slyly asks an older gentleman about sex through innuendo, reiterating the phrase "nudge nudge wink wink" after his questions in an attempt to indicate that his innocent-sounding questions are intended to be double entendres, i.e., of a sexual nature.

In an episode of the television series Seinfeld (The Wink), the character George Costanza has problems when grapefruit pulp gets into his eyes, leading to his involuntary winks getting misinterpreted by others.

In the television series Arrested Development, Lucille Bluth many times winks at her son, who expresses great discomfort thereafter.

In all of the Sonic the Hedgehog television series produced by DIC Entertainment, Sonic winks a few times while breaking the fourth wall, mostly accompanied with a thumbs-up sign.

In the 2004 science fiction movie I, Robot, a robot named Sonny learns to wink, using it as a gesture of trust to Detective Spooner (Will Smith).^[8]

During a Quarter Final match of the 2006 World Cup between England and Portugal, Wayne Rooney was sent off, largely due to an impassioned argument from Cristiano Ronaldo.^[9] After Rooney's sending off, Ronaldo was caught on camera winking to the Portuguese bench. This received widespread criticism from the English press, who largely saw it as a sign of conspiracy from the Portuguese player.^[10]

During the 2008 United States vice-presidential debate, Republican candidate Sarah Palin winked at the audience several times. Her behaviour was considered to be highly unusual in the context of a formal political debate and received considerable media attention. While some conservative pundits defended Palin,^[11] other individuals were critical of and even offended by her conduct.^[12]

In online dating, a 'wink' is a way of communicating approval of another member (sometimes from a non-member) without sending email. It is used at sites such as Match.com.

Physiological ability

Not all humans are able to wink voluntarily, and some can only wink one (usually the non-dominant)^{[citation needed]} eye. Others are far better at winking one eye and find it awkward to wink the other.

Abnormalities

Some people, especially children and adolescents, show a habit of winking involuntarily under stress, often without their own knowledge. It is considered a symptom of Tourette Syndrome.

References

^ Merriam-webster.com
^ Able2know.org
^ Beckwith, Carol (1983). "Niger's Wodaabe: People of the taboo". National Geographic 164 (4): 483-59.
^ ^a ^b "Non-verbal communication". Retrieved 2008-02-04.
^ Sarah Palin's wink, LA Times
^ Frederick Spencer Chapman. The Jungle is Neutral
^ "All The Rage". Los Angeles Times. 2008-10-05.
^ IMDb.com
^ "Ronaldo: I put my country first", Evening Standard, accessed 2009-28-12
^ Ladyman, Ian, "Get lost Ronaldo!", The Daily Mail, accessed 2009/28/12
^ AOL.com
^ Huffingtonpost.com

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Development and manipulation of spontaneous eye blinking in the first year: Relationships to context and positive affect.

Bacher LF.Author information Department of Psychology, SUNY Oswego, 7060 State Rt 104 West, Oswego, NY, 13126. leigh.bacher@oswego.edu.AbstractThe present study explored the development of spontaneous eye blinking (SEB) and its relationship to approach-inhibition behavior during the second half of the first year. The dopaminergic regulation of SEB in adult primates provides an empirical basis for studying blinking in infants, and dopamine's role in infant temperament provides justification for examining approach-inhibition specifically. A longitudinal design with an experimental manipulation was used to examine developmental change in the rate of SEB. Healthy, full-term infants (N = 74) were observed at 4 and 12 months. Blinking rate was observed during a quiet baseline and a randomly assigned stimulus condition. Then, approach-inhibition responses were examined as stimulus objects were presented. Experimental conditions altered blink rate at both ages, but the effects varied by age and stimulus type. At 12 months, individual differences in SEB were associated with positive affect during the approach-inhibition task. The divergent effects for the cognitive and social conditions suggest that the mechanisms regulating blink rate have distinct relationships to these behavioral domains and that these undergo changes during the first year. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 783-796, 2014.
Developmental psychobiology.Dev Psychobiol.2014 May;56(4):783-96. doi: 10.1002/dev.21148. Epub 2013 Sep 9.
The present study explored the development of spontaneous eye blinking (SEB) and its relationship to approach-inhibition behavior during the second half of the first year. The dopaminergic regulation of SEB in adult primates provides an empirical basis for studying blinking in infants, and dopamine'
PMID 24014447

Multicolor tuning of lanthanide-doped nanoparticles by single wavelength excitation.

Wang F1, Liu X.Author information 1Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602.AbstractConspectus Lanthanide-doped nanoparticles exhibit unique luminescent properties, including large Stokes shift, sharp emission bandwidth, high resistance to optical blinking, and photobleaching, as well as the unique ability to convert long-wavelength stimulation into short-wavelength emission. These attributes are particularly needed for developing luminescent labels as alternatives to organic fluorophores and quantum dots. In recent years, the well-recognized advantages of upconversion nanocrystals as biomarkers have been manifested in many important applications, such as highly sensitive molecular detection and autofluorescence-free cell imaging. However, their potential in multiplexed detection and multicolor imaging is rarely exploited, largely owing to the research lagging on multicolor tuning of these particles. Lanthanide doping typically involves an insulating host matrix and a trace amount of lanthanide dopants embedded in the host lattice. The luminescence observed from these doped crystalline materials primarily originates from electronic transitions within the [Xe]4f(n) configuration of the lanthanide dopants. Thus a straightforward approach to tuning the emission is to dope different lanthanide activators in the host lattice. Meanwhile, the host lattice can exert a crystal field around the lanthanide dopants and sometimes may even exchange energy with the dopants. Therefore, the emission can also be modulated by varying the host materials. Recently, the advance in synthetic methods toward high quality core-shell nanocrystals has led to the emergence of new strategies for emission modulation. These strategies rely on precise control over either energy exchange interactions between the dopants or energy transfer involving other optical entities. To provide a set of criteria for future work in this field, we attempt to review general and emerging strategies for tuning emission spectra through lanthanide doping. With significant progress made over the past several years, we now are able to design and fabricate nanoparticles displaying tailorable optical properties. In particular, we show that, by rational control of different combinations of dopants and dopant concentration, a wealth of color output can be generated under single-wavelength excitation. Strikingly, unprecedented single-band emissions can be obtained by careful selection of host matrices. By incorporating a set of lanthanide ions at defined concentrations into different layers of a core-shell structure, the emission spectra of the particles are largely expanded to cover almost the entire visible region, which is hardly accessible by conventional bulk phosphors. Importantly, we demonstrate that an inert-shell coating provides the particles with stable emission against perturbation in surrounding environments, paving the way for their applications in the context of biological networks.
Accounts of chemical research.Acc Chem Res.2014 Apr 15;47(4):1378-85. doi: 10.1021/ar5000067. Epub 2014 Mar 11.
Conspectus Lanthanide-doped nanoparticles exhibit unique luminescent properties, including large Stokes shift, sharp emission bandwidth, high resistance to optical blinking, and photobleaching, as well as the unique ability to convert long-wavelength stimulation into short-wavelength emission. These
PMID 24611606

Random Telegraph Signal in a Metallic Double-Dot System.

Vardi Y, Guttman A, Bar-Joseph I.AbstractIn this work we investigate the dynamics of a single electron surface trap, embedded in a self-assembly metallic double-dot system. The charging and discharging of the trap by a single electron is manifested as a random telegraph signal of the current through the double-dot device. We find that we can control the duration time that an electron resides in the trap through the current that flows in the device, between fractions of a second to more than an hour. We suggest that the observed switching is the electrical manifestation of the optical blinking phenomenon, commonly observed in semiconductor quantum dots.
Nano letters.Nano Lett.2014 Apr 11. [Epub ahead of print]
In this work we investigate the dynamics of a single electron surface trap, embedded in a self-assembly metallic double-dot system. The charging and discharging of the trap by a single electron is manifested as a random telegraph signal of the current through the double-dot device. We find that we c
PMID 24724840

Japanese Journal

両眼開放で日常視を行う事が困難な患者に対する単眼視眼鏡の選定

山崎幸加,麓智比呂,松森礼子,石井祐子,若倉雅登,井上賢治
日本視能訓練士協会誌 42(0), 89-96, 2013
【目的】プリズム眼鏡では矯正困難な複視や、片眼の大幅な視力低下や歪視などにより両眼開放で見ることが困難な症例に対し、単眼視眼鏡の選定を行った結果を報告すること。 【方法】両眼開放で見ることに困難を訴えた49例に対し、専用レンズであるOCLUA®や漸増遮閉膜を試 …
NAID 130004822842

Concurrence of multiple types of eyelid synkinesia in a patient with congenital anomalies

ISHIYAMA Akihiko,SAITO Yoshiaki,SUGAI Kenji,SASAKI Masayuki,YAMAZAKI Hiroko,KOHAMA Masanori
Brain & development 34(2), 140-142, 2012-02-01
NAID 10031049872

半導体光増幅素子を用いたリングレーザジャイロのウインキング観測

橋本泰知,牧村賢一,神田健介 [他],藤田孝之,前中一介
電気学会論文誌. E, センサ・マイクロマシン準部門誌 = The transactions of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. A publication of Sensors and Micromachines Society 131(4), 154-158, 2011-04-01
… This paper reports the observation of winking phenomenon in a ring laser gyroscope (RLG), in which the air is used as a laser path with a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) as a gain medium. … The winking phenomenon is a significant characteristic of RLGs, which the light intensity varies with an applied angular velocity. … The ring laser resonator using an SOA was assembled to observe the winking phenomenon and resonance characteristics were examined. …
NAID 10027980804