コロニー計数器、コロニーカウンター

WordNet

name or recite the numbers in ascending order; "The toddler could count to 100"
the total number counted; "a blood count"
the act of counting; reciting numbers in ascending order; "the counting continued for several hours" (同)counting, numeration, enumeration, reckoning, tally
a nobleman (in various countries) having rank equal to a British earl
have faith or confidence in; "you can count on me to help you any time"; "Look to your friends for support"; "You can bet on that!"; "Depend on your family in times of crisis" (同)bet, depend, look, calculate, reckon
have weight; have import, carry weight; "It does not matter much" (同)matter, weigh
put into a group; "The academy counts several Nobel Prize winners among its members" (同)number
determine the number or amount of; "Can you count the books on your shelf?"; "Count your change" (同)number, enumerate, numerate
have a certain value or carry a certain weight; "each answer counts as three points"
include as if by counting; "I can count my colleagues in the opposition"
speak in response; "He countered with some very persuasive arguments"
a piece of leather forming the back of a shoe or boot; "a counter may be used to stiffen the material around the heel and to give support to the foot" (同)heel counter
a calculator that keeps a record of the number of times something happens (同)tabulator
(computer science) a register whose contents go through a regular series of states (usually states indicating consecutive integers)
game equipment (as a piece of wood, plastic, or ivory) used for keeping a count or reserving a space in various card or board games
table consisting of a horizontal surface over which business is transacted
a person who counts things
in the opposite direction; "run counter"
a geographical area politically controlled by a distant country (同)dependency
a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home states system of government; "the American colony in Paris" (同)settlement
(microbiology) a group of organisms grown from a single parent cell
a group of organisms of the same type living or growing together
a place where a group of people with the same interest or occupation are concentrated; "a nudist colony"; "an artists colony"
the basic unit of money in Costa Rica; equal to 100 centimos (同)Costa Rican colon
the basic unit of money in El Salvador; equal to 100 centavos (同)El Salvadoran colon
a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter)
the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted
one of the 13 British colonies that formed the original states of the United States

PrepTutorEJDIC

(一つ一つ順に)〈数〉'を'『数える』,〈物〉'を'数え上げる《+『up』+『名,』+『名』+『up』》 / …'を'『勘定に入れる』,含める(include) / …'を'『思う』,みなす(consider) / 数を数える,計算する《+『up』》 / 数にはいる,数に含まれる / 価値がある,重大である / 〈C〉〈U〉『数えること』,『計算』 / 〈U〉総数,総計 / 〈U〉(起訴状の)訴因 / 《the~》(ボクシングで)カウント(選手がノックダウンされたときレフリーが1から10まで数えること) / 〈C〉(野救で打者の)ボールカウント / 〈U〉《話》考慮,注目(account)
(英国以外の)伯爵
(商店・銀行などの)『売り台』,勘定台,カウンター / (食堂などに)『カウンター』 / (おもちゃの)模造貨幣
計算する人 / (特に電動式の)計算器,計数器 / (ゲームの得点計算用)数取り,点棒
『反対の』,逆の(opposite) / (一対の)片方の,副の / (…と)反対に,逆に《+『to』+『名』》 / …‘に'『逆らう』,立ち向かう / …'を'無効にする / (ボクシングなどで)〈打撃〉'を'返す,‘に'反撃する / (ボクシングなどで)打ち返す / 『逆』,反対,対立物 / (フェンシングの)受け流し / (ボクシングなどで)打ち返し,カウンター / (靴の)かかとの皮
『植民地』 / 植民団,居留民;(外国人の)集団居留地 / (同ど人種・宗教・職業などの人たちが住む)『集団』,部落 / (動物・鳥・虫などの)集団;(生物の)群体,群落《+『of』+『名』》 / 《the Colonies》アメリカ合衆国を形成した13州のイギリス植民地
コロン(:)(句読点の一種で,文中においてセミコロン以上を分離を示すほか,対照,例証,引用文などを示すのに用いる)
(大腸の)結腸[部]

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/28 14:43:41」(JST)

wiki en

In microbiology, a colony-forming unit (CFU) is a unit used to estimate the number of viable bacteria or fungal cells in a sample. Viable is defined as the ability to multiply via binary fission under the controlled conditions. Counting with colony-forming units requires culturing the microbes and counts only viable cells, in contrast with microscopic examination which counts all cells, living or dead. The visual appearance of a colony in a cell culture requires significant growth, and when counting colonies it is uncertain if the colony arose from one cell or a group of cells. Expressing results as colony-forming units reflects this uncertainty.

Theory

A dilution made with bacteria and peptoned water is placed in an Agar plate (Agar plate count for food samples or Trypticase soy agar for clinic samples) and spread over the plate by tipping in the pattern shown.

The purpose of plate counting is to estimate the number of cells present based on their ability to give rise to colonies under specific conditions of nutrient medium, temperature and time. Theoretically, one viable cell can give rise to a colony through replication. However, solitary cells are the exception in nature, and most likely the progenitor of the colony was a mass of cells deposited together.^{[citation needed]} In addition, many bacteria grow in chains (e.g. Streptococcus) or clumps (e.g. Staphylococcus). Estimation of microbial numbers by CFU will, in most cases, undercount the number of living cells present in a sample for these reasons. This is because the counting of CFU assumes that every colony is separate and founded by a single viable microbial cell.^[1]

The plate count is linear for E. coli over the range of 30 - 300 CFU on a standard sized Petri dish.^[2] Therefore, to ensure that a sample will yield CFU in this range requires dilution of the sample and plating of several dilutions. Typically ten-fold dilutions are used, and the dilution series is plated in replicates of 2 or 3 over the chosen range of dilutions. The CFU/plate is read from a plate in the linear range, and then the CFU/g (or CFU/mL) of the original is deduced mathematically, factoring in the amount plated and its dilution factor.^{[citation needed]}

A solution of bacteria at an unknown concentration is often serially diluted in order to obtain at least one plate with a countable number of bacteria. In this figure, the "x10" plate is suitable for counting.

An advantage to this method is that different microbial species may give rise to colonies that are clearly different from each other, both microscopically and macroscopically. The colony morphology can be of great use in the identification of the microorganism present.^{[citation needed]}

A prior understanding of the microscopic anatomy of the organism can give a better understanding of how the observed CFU/mL relates to the number of viable cells per milliliter. Alternatively it is possible to decrease the average number of cells per CFU in some cases by vortexing the sample before conducting the dilution. However many microorganisms are delicate and would suffer a decrease in the proportion of cells that are viable when placed in a vortex.^{[citation needed]}

Uses

Colony-forming units are used to quantify results in many microbiological plating and counting methods, including:

The Pour Plate method wherein the sample is suspended in a petri dish using molten agar cooled to approximately 40-45 °C (just above the point of solidification to minimize heat-induced cell death). After the nutrient agar solidifies the plate is incubated.^[3]
The Spread Plate method wherein the sample (in a small volume) is spread across the surface of a nutrient agar plate and allowed to dry before incubation for counting.^[3]
The Membrane Filter method wherein the sample is filtered through a membrane filter, then the filter placed on the surface of a nutrient agar plate (bacteria side up). During incubation nutrients leach up through the filter to support the growing cells. As the surface area of most filters is less than that of a standard petri dish, the linear range of the plate count will be less.^[3]
The Miles and Misra Methods or drop-plate method wherein a very small aliquot (usually about 10 microliters) of sample from each dilution in series is dropped onto a petri dish. The drop dish must be read while the colonies are very small to prevent the loss of CFU as they grow together.^{[citation needed]}

Tools for counting colonies

The traditional way of enumerating CFUs with a "click-counter" and a pen. When the colonies are too numerous, it is frequent to count CFUs only on a fraction of the dish.

Counting colonies is traditionally performed manually using a pen and a click-counter. This is generally a straightforward task, but can become very laborious and time consuming when many plates have to be enumerated. Alternatively semi-automatic (software) and automatic (hardware + software) solutions can be used.^{[citation needed]}

Software for counting CFUs

Colonies can be enumerated from pictures of plates using software tools. The experimenters would generally take a picture of each plate they need to count and then analyse all the pictures (this can be done with a simple digital camera or even a webcam). Since it takes less than 10 seconds to take a single picture, as opposed to several minutes to count CFU manually, this approach generally saves a lot of time. In addition, it is more objective and allows extraction of other variables such as the size and colour of the colonies.

OpenCFU[1] is a free and open-source program designed to optimise user friendliness, speed and robustness. It offers a wide range of filters and control as well as a modern user interface. OpenCFU is written in C++ and uses OpenCV for image analysis.^[4]

NICE is a program written in MATLAB providing an easy way to count colonies from images.^[5]^[6]

ImageJ and CellProfiler: Some ImageJ macros^[7] and plugins and some CellProfiler pipelines^[8] can be used to count colonies. This often requires the user to change the code in order to achieve an efficient work-flow, but can prove useful and flexible. One main issue is the absence of specific GUI which can make the interaction with the processing algorithms tedious.

Automated systems

An automated colony counter using image processing.

Completely automated systems are also available from some biotechnology manufacturers.^{[citation needed]} They are generally expensive and not as flexible as standalone software since the hardware and software are designed to work together for a specific set-up.^{[citation needed]} Alternatively, some automatic systems use the spiral plating paradigm.^{[citation needed]}

Alternative units

Instead of colony-forming units, the parameters Most Probable Number (MPN) and Modified Fishman Units (MFU)^{[citation needed]} can be used. The Most Probable Number method counts viable cells and is useful when enumerating low concentrations of cells or enumerating microbes in products where particulates make plate counting impractical.^[9] Modified Fishman Units take into account bacteria which are viable, but non-culturable.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Goldman, Emanuel; Green, Lorrence H (24 August 2008). Practical Handbook of Microbiology, Second Edition (Google eBook) (Second ed.). USA: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. p. 864. ISBN 978-0-8493-9365-5. Retrieved 2014-10-16.
^ Breed RS, Dotterrer WD (May 1916). "The Number of Colonies Allowable on Satisfactory Agar Plates". Journal of Bacteriology 1 (3): 321–31. PMC 378655. PMID 16558698.
^ ^a ^b ^c "USP 61: Microbial Enumeration Tests" (PDF). United States Pharmacopeia. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
^ Geissmann Q (2013). "OpenCFU, a new free and open-source software to count cell colonies and other circular objects". PLoS ONE 8 (2): e54072. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054072. PMC 3574151. PMID 23457446.
^ http://www.nist.gov/pml/div686/sources_detectors/nice.cfm^{[full citation needed]}
^ Clarke ML, Burton RL, Hill AN, Litorja M, Nahm MH, Hwang J (August 2010). "Low-cost, high-throughput, automated counting of bacterial colonies". Cytometry Part A 77 (8): 790–7. doi:10.1002/cyto.a.20864. PMC 2909336. PMID 20140968.
^ Cai Z, Chattopadhyay N, Liu WJ, Chan C, Pignol JP, Reilly RM (November 2011). "Optimized digital counting colonies of clonogenic assays using ImageJ software and customized macros: comparison with manual counting". International Journal of Radiation Biology 87 (11): 1135–46. doi:10.3109/09553002.2011.622033. PMID 21913819.
^ Vokes MS, Carpenter AE (April 2008). "Using CellProfiler for automatic identification and measurement of biological objects in images". Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. Chapter 14: Unit 14.17. doi:10.1002/0471142727.mb1417s82. PMID 18425761.
^ "Bacterial Analytical Manual: Most Probable Number from Serial Dilutions". United States Food and Drug Administration. October 2010.

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4. 組換え造血成長因子の概要 introduction to recombinant hematopoietic growth factors
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