WordNet

make a map of; show or establish the features of details of; "map the surface of Venus"
to establish a mapping (of mathematical elements or sets) (同)represent
a diagrammatic representation of the earths surface (or part of it)
plan, delineate, or arrange in detail; "map ones future" (同)map out
depict as if on a map; "sorrow was mapped on the mothers face"
explore or survey for the purpose of making a map; "We havent even begun to map the many galaxies that we know exist"
locate within a specific region of a chromosome in relation to known DNA or gene sequences; "map the genes"
kill by smashing someones skull
mental ability; "hes got plenty of brains but no common sense" (同)brainpower, learning_ability, mental capacity, mentality, wit
that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord (同)encephalon
the brain of certain animals used as meat
hit on the head
informal terms for a mother (同)mama, mamma, mom, momma, mommy, mammy, mum, mummy

PrepTutorEJDIC

(1枚1枚の)『地図』;天体図 / …‘の'地図を作る;…‘を'地図にかく
『脳』,脳髄 / 《しばしば複数形で》『頭脳』,『知力』 / 《話》秀才,知的指導者 / …‘の'頭を打ち砕く
《M-》《話》おかあちゃん(mamma)
=brassiere,　brassiere

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/14 22:18:34」(JST)

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Brain mapping is a set of neuroscience techniques predicated on the mapping of (biological) quantities or properties onto spatial representations of the (human or non-human) brain resulting in maps. Brain Mapping is further defined as the study of the anatomy and function of the brain and spinal cord through the use of imaging (including intra-operative, Microscopic, Endoscopic and Multi-Modality imaging), Immunohistochemistry, Molecular & optogenetics, Stem cell and Cellular Biology, Engineering (material, electrical and biomedical), Neurophysiology and Nanotechnology.

Overview

All neuroimaging can be considered part of brain mapping. Brain mapping can be conceived as a higher form of neuroimaging, producing brain images supplemented by the result of additional (imaging or non-imaging) data processing or analysis, such as maps projecting (measures of) behavior onto brain regions (see fMRI). One such map, called a Connectogram, depicts cortical regions around a circle, organized by lobes. Concentric circles within the ring represent various common neurological measurements, such as cortical thickness or curvature. In the center of the circles, lines representing white matter fibers illustrate the connections between cortical regions, weighted by fractional anisotropy and strength of connection.^[1]

Brain Mapping techniques are constantly evolving, and rely on the development and refinement of image acquisition, representation, analysis, visualization and interpretation techniques. Functional and structural neuroimaging are at the core of the mapping aspect of Brain Mapping.

History

In the late 1980s in the United States, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Science was commissioned to establish a panel to investigate the value of integrating neuroscientific information across a variety of techniques.^[2]

Of specific interest is using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion MRI (dMRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG), electroencephalography (EEG), positron emission tomography (PET), Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and other non-invasive scanning techniques to map anatomy, physiology, perfusion, function and phenotypes of the human brain. Both healthy and diseased brains may be mapped to study memory, learning, aging, and drug effects in various populations such as people with schizophrenia, autism, and clinical depression. This led to the establishment of the Human Brain Project.^[3] It may also be crucial to understanding traumatic brain injuries (as in the case of Phineas Gage) ^[4] and improving brain injury treatment.^[5]

Following a series of meetings, the International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM) evolved.^[6] The ultimate goal is to develop flexible computational brain atlases.

On May 5, 2010 the Supreme Court in India (Smt. Selvi vs. State of Karnataka) declared brain mapping, lie detector tests and narcoanalysis to be unconstitutional, violating Article 20 (3) of Fundamental Rights. These techniques cannot be conducted forcefully on any individual and requires consent for the same. When they are conducted with consent, the material so obtained is regarded as evidence during trial of cases according to Section 27 of the Evidence Act. ^[7]

Current atlas tools

Talairach Atlas, 1988
Harvard Whole Brain Atlas, 1995^[8]
MNI Template, 1998 (The standard template of SPM and International Consortium for Brain Mapping)
Atlas of the Developing Human Brain, 2012 ^[9]

Additional images

Illustration of Brain Mapping
Illustration of the Placement of Electrodes for Brain Mapping

References

^ Irimia, Andrei; Chambers, Micah C.; Torgerson, Carinna M.; Horn, John D. (2012). "Circular representation of human cortical networks for subject and population-level connectomic visualization". NeuroImage 60 (2): 1340–51. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.107. PMC 3594415. PMID 22305988.
^ Pechura, Constance M.; Martin, Joseph B. (1991). Mapping the Brain and Its Functions: Integrating Enabling Technologies Into Neuroscience Research. Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on a National Neural Circuitry Database. ^{[page needed]}
^ Koslow, Stephen H.; Huerta, Michael F. (1997). Neuroinformatics: An Overview of the Human Brain Project. ^{[page needed]}
^ Van Horn, John Darrell; Irimia, Andrei; Torgerson, Carinna M.; Chambers, Micah C.; Kikinis, Ron; Toga, Arthur W. (2012). "Mapping Connectivity Damage in the Case of Phineas Gage". In Sporns, Olaf. PLoS ONE 7 (5): e37454. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037454. PMC 3353935. PMID 22616011.
^ Irimia, Andrei; Chambers, Micah C.; Torgerson, Carinna M.; Filippou, Maria; Hovda, David A.; Alger, Jeffry R.; Gerig, Guido; Toga, Arthur W.; Vespa, Paul M.; Kikinis, Ron; Van Horn, John D. (2012). "Patient-Tailored Connectomics Visualization for the Assessment of White Matter Atrophy in Traumatic Brain Injury". Frontiers in Neurology 3. doi:10.3389/fneur.2012.00010. PMC 3275792. PMID 22363313.
^ Toga, Arthur W.; Mazziotta, John C., eds. (2002). Brain Mapping: The Methods. ISBN 978-0-12-693019-1. ^{[page needed]}
^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3171915/
^ Harvard Whole Brain Atlas
^ Serag, Ahmed; Aljabar, Paul; Ball, Gareth; Counsell, Serena J.; Boardman, James P.; Rutherford, Mary A.; Edwards, A. David; Hajnal, Joseph V.; Rueckert, Daniel (2012). "Construction of a consistent high-definition spatio-temporal atlas of the developing brain using adaptive kernel regression". NeuroImage 59 (3): 2255–65. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.062. PMID 21985910.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 脳腫瘍の臨床所見および診断 clinical presentation and diagnosis of brain tumors
2. 急性重度外傷性脳損傷のマネージメント management of acute severe traumatic brain injury
3. 脳腫瘍による頭痛 brain tumor headache
4. 成人におけるてんかんの外科的治療 surgical treatment of epilepsy in adults
5. 急性虚血脳卒中の神経画像 neuroimaging of acute ischemic stroke

English Journal

Polymodal Sensory Integration in Retinal Ganglion Cells.

Križaj D1.
Advances in experimental medicine and biology.Adv Exp Med Biol.2016;854:693-8. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-17121-0_92.
An animal's ability to perceive the external world is conditioned by its capacity to extract and encode specific features of the visual image. The output of the vertebrate retina is not a simple representation of the 2D visual map generated by photon absorptions in the photoreceptor layer. Rather, s
PMID 26427477

AlzPathway, an Updated Map of Curated Signaling Pathways: Towards Deciphering Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis.

Ogishima S1, Mizuno S, Kikuchi M, Miyashita A, Kuwano R, Tanaka H, Nakaya J.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2016;1303:423-32. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2627-5_25.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder in which loss of neurons and synaptic function causes dementia in the elderly. To clarify AD pathogenesis and develop drugs for AD, thousands of studies have elucidated signaling pathways involved. However, knowledge of AD signaling pa
PMID 26235082

Functional Connectivity Bias in the Prefrontal Cortex of Psychopaths.

Contreras-Rodríguez O1, Pujol J2, Batalla I3, Harrison BJ4, Soriano-Mas C5, Deus J6, López-Solà M7, Macià D8, Pera V9, Hernández-Ribas R5, Pifarré J3, Menchón JM5, Cardoner N5.
Biological psychiatry.Biol Psychiatry.2015 Nov 1;78(9):647-55. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.03.007. Epub 2014 Mar 14.
BACKGROUND: Psychopathy is characterized by a distinctive interpersonal style that combines callous-unemotional traits with inflexible and antisocial behavior. Traditional emotion-based perspectives link emotional impairment mostly to alterations in amygdala-ventromedial frontal circuits. However, t
PMID 24742618

Japanese Journal

カイコガ標準脳データベース構築に向けた脳画像データの標準化と活用 (ニューロコンピューティング)

百田直矢,加沢知毅,Haupt Shuichi.S. [他]
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 : 信学技報 111(483), 341-346, 2012-03-14
NAID 40019223467

Inconsistency and uncertainty of the human visual area loci following surface-based registration: Probability and Entropy Maps.

Yamamoto Hiroki,Fukunaga Masaki,Takahashi Shigeko,Mano Hiroaki,Tanaka Chuzo,Umeda Masahiro,Ejima Yoshimichi
Human brain
… The first is a probability map representing the degree of alignment inconsistency for each area, in which each point in space is associated with the probability affiliated with a given area. … The second, a novel map termed an entropy map in which each point is associated with Shannon entropy computed from the probabilities, represents the degree of uncertainty regarding the area that resides there, and is maximal when all areas are equally probable. …
NAID 120003692413