WordNet

an infant born weighing less than 5.5 pounds (2500 grams) regardless of gestational age; "a low-birth-weight infant is at risk for developing lack of oxygen during labor" (同)low-birth-weight_infant
(statistics) a coefficient assigned to elements of a frequency distribution in order to represent their relative importance (同)weighting
sports equipment used in calisthenic exercises and weightlifting; it is not attached to anything and is raised and lowered by use of the hands and arms (同)free weight, exercising weight
an artifact that is heavy
the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity
the relative importance granted to something; "his opinion carries great weight"; "the progression implied an increasing weightiness of the items listed" (同)weightiness
an oppressive feeling of heavy force; "bowed down by the weight of responsibility"
have a certain weight
determine the weight of; "The butcher weighed the chicken" (同)librate
to be oppressive or burdensome; "weigh heavily on the mind", "Something pressed on his mind" (同)press
the time when something begins (especially life); "they divorced after the birth of the child"; "his election signaled the birth of a new age"
the event of being born; "they celebrated the birth of their first child" (同)nativity, nascency, nascence
a baby born; an offspring; "the overall rate of incidence of Downs syndrome is one in every 800 births"
adjusted to reflect value or proportion; "votes weighted according to the size of constituencies"; "a law weighted in favor of landlords"; "a weighted average"
the decade from 1880 to 1889 (同)1880s
the decade from 1980 to 1989 (同)1980s
the time of life between 80 and 90 (同)mid-eighties

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈u〉『重さ』,重量,目方;体重;《a weight》(…の)重さ《+of+名》 / 〈u〉重さ(重力が物体に及ぼす力) / 〈u〉衡法(重量を示す体係) / 〈c〉重量単位 / 〈c〉(はかりの)おもり,分銅;(一般に)重いもの,おもし / 〈u〉重要性,価値 / 〈u〉《しばしば a weight》精神的な重荷,負担 / (…で)…‘に'重荷を負わせる;…‘を'圧迫する;苦しめる《+名+with+名》 / …‘を'重くする
…‘の'『重さを計る』 / 〈ある重さ〉‘を'『計量する』,計る / (…と比較して)…‘を'『検討する』,考慮する〈+名 against+名〉 / 『重さがある』,目方がかかる / (…にとって)『重要である』,(‥に)重要糸される〈+with+名〉
〈C〉〈U〉『誕生』,出生 / 〈U〉『生まれ』,家柄;家系(lineage) / 〈C〉『起原』,起こり(origin)
《補語にのみ用いて》(…に)有利な《+toward+名》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/24 05:02:54」(JST)

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Baby weighed as appropriate for gestational age.

Birth weight is the body weight of a baby at its birth.^[1]

There have been numerous studies that have attempted, with varying degrees of success, to show links between birth weight and later-life conditions, including diabetes, obesity, tobacco smoking and intelligence.

Determinants

There are basically two distinct determinants for birth weight:

The duration of gestation prior to birth, that is, the gestational age at which the child is born

Relation of weight and gestational age.

The prenatal growth rate, generally measured in relation to what weight is expected for any gestational age.

The incidence of birth weight being outside what is normal is influenced by the parents in numerous ways, including:

Genetics
The health of the mother, particularly during the pregnancy. Intercurrent diseases in pregnancy are sometimes associated with decreased birth weight. For example, Celiac disease confers an odds ratio of low birth weight of approximately 1.8.^[2]
Environmental factors, including exposure of the mother to secondhand smoke^[3]
Economic status of the parents gives inconsistent study findings according to a review on 2010, and remains speculative as a determinant.^[4]
Other factors, like multiple births, where each baby is likely to be outside the AGA (appropriate for gestational age), one more so than the other.
The average birth weight is 3.5 kg though the range of normal is between 2.5 and 5 kg (all but 5 % of newborns will fall into this range).

Abnormalities

A low birth weight can be caused either by a preterm birth (low gestational age at birth) or of the infant being small for gestational age (slow prenatal growth rate), or a combination of both.
A very large birth weight is usually caused by the infant having been large for gestational age

Influence on adult life

Studies have been conducted to investigate how a person's birth weight can influence aspects of their future life. This includes theorised links with obesity, diabetes and intelligence.

Obesity

A baby born small or large for gestational age (either of the two extremes) is thought to have an increased risk of obesity in later life,^[5]^[6] but it was also shown that this relationship is fully explained by maternal weight.^[7]

GH therapy at a certain dose induced catch-up of lean body mass (LBM). However percentage body fat decreased in the GH-treated subjects. Bone mineral density SDS measured by DEXA increased significantly in the GH-treated group compared to the untreated subjects, though there is much debate over whether or not SGA (small for gestational age) is significantly adverse to children to warrant inducing catch-up.^[8]

Diabetes

Babies that have a low birth weight are thought to have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes in later life.^[9]^[10]^[11]

Intelligence

Some studies have shown a direct link between an increased birth weight and an increased intelligence quotient.^[12]^[13]^[14] Increased birth weight is also linked to greater risk of developing autism.^[15]

Poor Neonatal Care

Recent evidence suggests that the effects of low birth weight are constant across developmental years, suggesting that poor neonatal care has long term impacts.^[16]

Epidemiology

Disability-adjusted life years out of 100,000 lost due to any cause in 2004.^[17]

no data

less than 9,250

9,250–16,000

16,000–22,750

22,750–29,500

29,500–36,250

36,250–43,000

43,000–49,750

49,750–56,500

56,500–63,250

63,250–70,000

70,000–80,000

more than 80,000

References

^ Definitions from Georgia Department of Public Health. Date: 12/04/2008. Original citation: "Birthweight: Infant's weight recorded at the time of birth"
^ Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C et al. (2014). "Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms". Human Reproduction Update 20 (4): 582–93. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu007. PMID 24619876.
^ "The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General". Surgeon General of the United States. 2006-06-27. Retrieved 2014-06-16. pp. 198–205
^ Margerison Zilko CE (January 2010). "Economic contraction and birth outcomes: an integrative review". Hum Reprod Update 16 (4): 445–458. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmp059. PMID 20085917.
^ "3 stages of childhood may predict obesity risk - Fitness - MSNBC.com". Retrieved 2007-11-28.
^ Singhal A, Wells J, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M, Lucas A (1 March 2003). "Programming of lean body mass: a link between birth weight, obesity, and cardiovascular disease?". Am J Clin Nutr. 77 (3): 726–30. PMID 12600868.
^ Parsons TJ, Power C, Manor O (December 2001). "Fetal and early life growth and body mass index from birth to early adulthood in 1958 British cohort: longitudinal study". BMJ 323 (7325): 1331–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7325.1331. PMC 60670. PMID 11739217.
^ "GH Treatment Effects on Body Composition in SGA". Growth, Genetics & Hormones 24 (1). May 2008.
^ "Low birth weight diabetes link". BBC News. 2005-02-25. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
^ Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman S, Berkey CS, Field AE, Colditz GA (March 2003). "Maternal gestational diabetes, birth weight, and adolescent obesity". Pediatrics 111 (3): e221–6. doi:10.1542/peds.111.3.e221. PMID 12612275.
^ Rich-Edwards JW; Colditz GA; Stampfer MJ et al. (1999). "Birthweight and the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adult women". Ann Intern Med. 130 (4 Pt 1): 278–84. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-130-4_part_1-199902160-00005. PMID 10068385.
^ Matte TD, Bresnahan M, Begg MD, Susser E (August 2001). "Influence of variation in birth weight within normal range and within sibships on IQ at age 7 years: cohort study". BMJ 323 (7308): 310–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7308.310. PMC 37317. PMID 11498487.
^ "The Future of Children - Sub-Sections". Archived from the original on 2007-10-22. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
^ Matte TD, Bresnahan M, Begg MD, Susser E (August 2001). "Influence of variation in birth weight within normal range and within sibships on IQ at age 7 years: cohort study". BMJ 323 (7308): 310–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7308.310. PMC 37317. PMID 11498487. Lay summary – BBC News (August 9, 2001).
^ Lord C (April 2013). "Fetal and sociocultural environments and autism". The American Journal of Psychiatry 170 (4): 355–8. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13010078. PMID 23545788. Lay summary – ScienceDaily (May 2, 2013).
^ Figlio David, Guryan Jonathan, Karbownik Krzysztof, Roth Jeffrey (2014). "The Effects of Poor Neonatal Health on Children's Cognitive Development". American Economic Review 104 (12): 3921–55. doi:10.1257/aer.104.12.3921.
^ "WHO Disease and injury country estimates". World Health Organization. 2009. Retrieved Nov 11, 2009.

External links

MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Intrauterine growth restriction
Peleg D, Kennedy CM, Hunter SK (August 1998). "Intrauterine growth restriction: identification and management". Am Fam Physician 58 (2): 453–60, 466–7. PMID 9713399.
"Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)" at Health System, University of Virginia
Fetal Growth Restriction at eMedicine
"Researchers link low birth weight to lower achievement"
"Management of Suspected Fetal Macrosomia"
"Vit D linked to baby birth weight" at BBC News, 25 April 2006
Born in Bradford - 2006 cohort study into the causes of low birth weight and infant mortality in Bradford, UK
Intrauterine Growth Restriction Help - IUGR factors and solutions
Walid MS, Astafyeva OV, Pomortsev AV (December 2007). "The IUGR prognostic scale". Arch Gynecol Obstet. 276 (6): 633–40. doi:10.1007/s00404-007-0398-1. PMID 17619893.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 早期産低出生体重児の単胎分娩 delivery of the preterm low birth weight singleton fetus
2. 乳幼児および思春期前の小児における通常の成長パターン normal growth patterns in infants and prepubertal children
3. 胎児（子宮内）発育遅延が認められる胎児 infants with fetal intrauterine growth restriction
4. 原発性（本態性）高血圧の病因における低出生体重の潜在的役割 possible role of low birth weight in the pathogenesis of primary essential hypertension
5. 周産期心筋症：治療および予後 peripartum cardiomyopathy treatment and prognosis

English Journal

Animal protein intake at 12 months is associated with growth factors at the age of six.

Thorisdottir B1, Gunnarsdottir I, Palsson GI, Halldorsson TI, Thorsdottir I.Author information 1Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali University Hospital & Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.AbstractAIM: To study the associations between protein intake from different sources with anthropometry and serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in infancy and childhood.
Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992).Acta Paediatr.2014 May;103(5):512-7. doi: 10.1111/apa.12576. Epub 2014 Feb 21.
AIM: To study the associations between protein intake from different sources with anthropometry and serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in infancy and childhood.METHODS: Children (n = 199) born in Iceland were followed up to six years of age. Their intake of various animal proteins and vege
PMID 24471761

Population-based study shows improved postnatal growth in preterm very-low-birthweight infants between 1995 and 2010.

Ofek Shlomai N1, Reichman B, Lerner-Geva L, Boyko V, Bar-Oz B.Author information 1Department of Neonatology, Hadassah and Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.AbstractAIM: To assess whether the postnatal growth of preterm very-low-birthweight (VLBW) infants, as determined by measures of postnatal growth failure (PNGF), improved during the period 1995-2010 and to evaluate postnatal growth by gestational age (GA) and intrauterine growth groups.
Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992).Acta Paediatr.2014 May;103(5):498-503. doi: 10.1111/apa.12569. Epub 2014 Feb 21.
AIM: To assess whether the postnatal growth of preterm very-low-birthweight (VLBW) infants, as determined by measures of postnatal growth failure (PNGF), improved during the period 1995-2010 and to evaluate postnatal growth by gestational age (GA) and intrauterine growth groups.METHODS: The study wa
PMID 24460697

Adult and child automated immature granulocyte norms are inappropriate for evaluating early-onset sepsis in newborns.

Wiland EL1, Sandhaus LM, Georgievskaya Z, Hoyen CM, O'Riordan MA, Nock ML.Author information 1Department of Paediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.AbstractAIM: Automated haematology analysers are increasingly being used. Normal ranges for automated immature granulocyte counts (IG%) are described in adults and children as <1%, but are not reported for newborns, who often have complete blood count with differential in evaluation for early-onset sepsis. Therefore, this study aimed to describe IG% during the first 48 hours of life (HOL) in newborns and determine the clinical factors affecting IG%.
Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992).Acta Paediatr.2014 May;103(5):494-7. doi: 10.1111/apa.12563. Epub 2014 Feb 27.
AIM: Automated haematology analysers are increasingly being used. Normal ranges for automated immature granulocyte counts (IG%) are described in adults and children as <1%, but are not reported for newborns, who often have complete blood count with differential in evaluation for early-onset sepsi
PMID 24451038

Japanese Journal

National Growth Charts for United Arab Emirates Children With Down Syndrome From Birth to 15 Years of Age

H Aburawi Elhadi,Nagelkerke Nicolas,Deeb Asma,Abdulla Shahrban,Abdulrazzaq Yousef M.
Journal of Epidemiology, 2015
… Since growth assessment depends on the growth pattern characteristic for these conditions, disorder-specific charts are desirable for various ethnic groups.<BR>Aims: To provide cross-sectional weight, height, and head circumference (HC) references for healthy United Arab Emirates (UAE) children with DS.<BR>Methods: A retrospective and cross-sectional growth study of Emirati children with DS, aged 0 to 18 years old, was conducted. … Height, weight, and HC were measured in each child. …
NAID 130004687469

Pregnancy and birth survey after the great East Japan earthquake and fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant accident in fukushima prefecture

Fujimori Keiya,Kyozuka Hyo,Yasuda Shun,Goto Aya,Yasumura Seiji,Ota Misao,Ohtsuru Akira,Nomura Yasuhisa,Hata Kenichi,Suzuki Kouta,Nakai Akihito,Sato Mieko,Matsui Shiro,Nakano Kyoko,Abe Masafumi
Fukushima Journal of Medical Science 60(1), 75-81, 2014-08-08
… The objective of this report is to describe some results of a questionnaire-based pregnancy and birth survey conducted by the Radiation Medical Science Center for the Fukushima Health Management Survey. … The incidences of stillbirth (over 22 completed gestational weeks), preterm birth, low birth weight and congenital anomalies were 0.25%, 4.4%, 8.7% and 2.72%, respectively. …
NAID 120005473465

Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency in Early Pregnancy Is Not Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Development or Pregnancy Outcomes in Korean Pregnant Women in a Prospective Study

PARK Sunmin,YOON Hyun-Koo,RYU Hyun-Mee [他]
Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology 60(4), 269-275, 2014-08
NAID 40020173476

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「出生体重」「出産体重」「birthweight」「出生時体重」
拡張検索	「low birth weight infant」「low birth weight infant formula」「extremely low birth weight infant」
関連記事	「birth」「weigh」「weighted」「weight」「weighing」

「出生体重」

　　[★]

英: birth weight
同: 出産体重

分類

高出生体重児巨大児	超巨大児	4,500≦
高出生体重児巨大児		4,000≦
正常出生体重児		2,500≦　＜4,000
低出生体重児		＜2,500
	極低出生体重児	＜1,500
	超低出生体重児	＜1,000