WordNet

a part of a forked or branching shape; "he broke off one of the branches" (同)leg, ramification
divide into two or more branches so as to form a fork; "The road forks" (同)ramify, fork, furcate, separate
a division of a stem, or secondary stem arising from the main stem of a plant
a division of some larger or more complex organization; "a branch of Congress"; "botany is a branch of biology"; "the Germanic branch of Indo-European languages" (同)subdivision, arm
a stream or river connected to a larger one
a framework that supports climbing plants; "the arbor provided a shady resting place in the park" (同)arbour, bower, pergola
tree (as opposed to shrub)
an arrangement of branching parts
having branches (同)branching, ramose, ramous, ramate

PrepTutorEJDIC

『枝』 / 『支流』,支脈,支線;分家 / 『支店』,『支部』,支局 / (学問の)『部門』,分科 / 枝を出す,枝を広げる / (川・道・鉄道などが)分岐する
(機械の)軸
枝に分かれること,分岐 / 結果,成り行き

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1. 妊娠中期の前期破水による早産 midtrimester preterm premature rupture of membranes
2. 甲状舌管嚢胞および異所性甲状腺 thyroglossal duct cysts and ectopic thyroid
3. マハイム束の頻拍 mahaim fiber tachycardias
4. ポイツ・イェガース症候群：疫学、臨床症状、および診断 peutz jeghers syndrome epidemiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis
5. 住血吸虫症の診断 diagnosis of schistosomiasis

English Journal

Melatonin protects against behavioural dysfunctions and dendritic spine damage in 3-nitropropionic acid-induced rat model of Huntington's disease.

Chakraborty J1, Nthenge-Ngumbau DN1, Rajamma U2, Mohanakumar KP3.Author information 1Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience, Rm # 117&119, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.2Manovikas Kendra, Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, 482, Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, E. M. Bypass, Kolkata 700107, India.3Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience, Rm # 117&119, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India. Electronic address: kpmohanakumar@yahoo.com.AbstractHuntington's disease (HD), an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative movement disorder in which striatal and cortical neurons are mostly affected, has no effective cure existing. A fungal neurotoxin and a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex II inhibitor, 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is known to cause HD pathology, including lesions in the striatum and the cortex, and several behavioural syndromes in experimental animals. In the present study we examined the effect of melatonin on motor activities, neuronal morphology as revealed by Nissl and rapid Golgi staining, as well as GABA, glutamate and biogenic amine neurotransmitter levels in 3-NP-induced HD in rats. We found that melatonin (10, 20mg/kg, i.p.) administered 1h prior to 3-NP dose (20mg/kg; daily for 4 days) restored motor coordination ability as shown in gait, beam balancing, swim ability and performance on rotarod. However it failed to reduce 3-NP-induced striatal lesion core area, neuronal damage and the elevated levels of striatal dopamine. Melatonin administration partially restored 3-NP-induced loss of dendritic spines in the striatum and the cortex, and the reduction in cerebellar granule cell, but not hippocampal CA1 neuronal arborization. These findings collectively suggest that melatonin offers beneficial effects in correction of learning related fine motor adjustments, but not in behaviours unrelated to learning, by the restoration of striatal and cortical spines, and cerebellar granule cell arborization.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2014 May 1;264:91-104. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.048. Epub 2014 Feb 7.
Huntington's disease (HD), an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative movement disorder in which striatal and cortical neurons are mostly affected, has no effective cure existing. A fungal neurotoxin and a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex II inhibitor, 3-nitropropionic
PMID 24509309

Tie-fibre structure and organization in the knee menisci.

Andrews SH1, Rattner JB, Abusara Z, Adesida A, Shrive NG, Ronsky JL.Author information 1Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada.AbstractThe collagenous structure of the knee menisci is integral to the mechanical integrity of the tissue and the knee joint. The tie-fibre structure of the tissue has largely been neglected, despite previous studies demonstrating its correlation with radial stiffness. This study has evaluated the structure of the tie-fibres of bovine menisci using 2D and 3D microscopy techniques. Standard collagen and proteoglycan (PG) staining and 2D light microscopy techniques were conducted. For the first time, the collagenous structure of the menisci was evaluated using 3D, second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy. This technique facilitated the imaging of collagen structure in thick sections (50-100 μm). Imaging identified that tie-fibres of the menisci arborize from the outer margin of the meniscus toward the inner tip. This arborization is associated with the structural arrangement of the circumferential fibres. SHG microscopy has definitively demonstrated the 3D organization of tie-fibres in both sheets and bundles. The hierarchy of the structure is related to the organization of circumferential fascicles. Large tie-fibre sheets bifurcate into smaller sheets to surround circumferential fascicles of decreasing size. The tie-fibres emanate from the lamellar layer that appears to surround the entire meniscus. At the tibial and femoral surfaces these tie-fibre sheets branch perpendicularly into the meniscal body. The relationship between tie-fibres and blood vessels in the menisci was also observed in this study. Tie-fibre sheets surround the blood vessels and an associated PG-rich region. This subunit of the menisci has not previously been described. The size of tie-fibre sheets surrounding the vessels appeared to be associated with the size of blood vessel. These structural findings have implications in understanding the mechanics of the menisci. Further, refinement of the complex structure of the tie-fibres is important in understanding the consequences of injury and disease in the menisci. The framework of meniscus architecture also defines benchmarks for the development of tissue-engineered replacements in the future.
Journal of anatomy.J Anat.2014 May;224(5):531-7. doi: 10.1111/joa.12170. Epub 2014 Mar 12.
The collagenous structure of the knee menisci is integral to the mechanical integrity of the tissue and the knee joint. The tie-fibre structure of the tissue has largely been neglected, despite previous studies demonstrating its correlation with radial stiffness. This study has evaluated the structu
PMID 24617800

Neuron-specific chromatin remodeling: A missing link in epigenetic mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity, memory, and intellectual disability disorders.

Vogel-Ciernia A1, Wood MA2.Author information 1University of California, Irvine, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning & Memory, Irvine, CA, USA.2University of California, Irvine, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning & Memory, Irvine, CA, USA. Electronic address: mwood@uci.edu.AbstractLong-term memory formation requires the coordinated regulation of gene expression. Until recently nucleosome remodeling, one of the major epigenetic mechanisms for controlling gene expression, had been largely unexplored in the field of neuroscience. Nucleosome remodeling is carried out by chromatin remodeling complexes (CRCs) that interact with DNA and histones to physically alter chromatin structure and ultimately regulate gene expression. Human exome sequencing and gene wide association studies have linked mutations in CRC subunits to intellectual disability disorders, autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. However, how mutations in CRC subunits were related to human cognitive disorders was unknown. There appears to be both developmental and adult specific roles for the neuron specific CRC nBAF (neuronal Brg1/hBrm Associated Factor). nBAF regulates gene expression required for dendritic arborization during development, and in the adult, contributes to long-term potentiation, a form of synaptic plasticity, and long-term memory. We propose that the nBAF complex is a novel epigenetic mechanism for regulating transcription required for long-lasting forms of synaptic plasticity and memory processes and that impaired nBAF function may result in human cognitive disorders. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neuroepigenetic Disorders'.
Neuropharmacology.Neuropharmacology.2014 May;80C:18-27. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.10.002. Epub 2013 Oct 15.
Long-term memory formation requires the coordinated regulation of gene expression. Until recently nucleosome remodeling, one of the major epigenetic mechanisms for controlling gene expression, had been largely unexplored in the field of neuroscience. Nucleosome remodeling is carried out by chromatin
PMID 24140580

Japanese Journal

Differentiation of apical and Basal dendrites in pyramidal cells and granule cells in dissociated hippocampal cultures.

Wu You Kure,Fujishima Kazuto,Kengaku Mineko
PloS one 10(2), 2015-02-23
… Using quantitative morphometric analyses of mouse hippocampal cultures, we evaluated the differences in dendritic arborization patterns between pyramidal and granule cells. …
NAID 120005575164

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Associated With Tetralogy of Fallot

Yasuhara Jun,Yamagishi Hiroyuki
International Heart Journal 56(Supplement), S17-S21, 2015
… The MAPCAs in these patients usually show hypoplastic and abnormal arborization. … To help classify patients with PAH associated with TOF, especially with MAPCAs, we propose several new subclassifications: "PAH due to hypoplastic pulmonary arterial beds", "PAH due to abnormal pulmonary arborization", or "segmental PAH associated with CHD." A multicenter registry of patients using a unified protocol is essential to explore the indications and efficacy of pulmonary vasodilators for postoperative PAH–CHD. …
NAID 130004941325

筋損傷にともなう神経筋接合部の変化

春日規克,西沢富江,山下晋 [他],山下晋
久留米大学健康・スポーツ科学センター研究紀要 (21), 1-7, 2014-03
… Regarding the neuromuscular junction, the nerve ending and the area of the motor end plate degenerated gradually, reaching a maximum on day 4 and day 6, respectively.The terminal arborization was reduced to a minimum on day 4. …
NAID 120005448747