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the 1st letter of the Roman alphabet (同)a
the blood group whose red cells carry the A antigen (同)type_A, group A
a crystalline antibiotic active against various fungi

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answer / ampere
arsenicの化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/17 23:25:00」(JST)

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Antimycins are a group of secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces bacteria.^[1]

Use

It is the active ingredient in Fintrol, a chemical piscicide (fish poison) used in fisheries management and in the catfish industry.^[2]

Mechanism of action

Antimycin A binds to the Qi site of cytochrome c reductase, thereby inhibiting the oxidation of ubiquinol in the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation. The inhibition of this reaction disrupts the formation of the proton gradient across the inner membrane. The production of ATP is subsequently inhibited, as protons are unable to flow through the ATP synthase complex in the absence of a proton gradient. This inhibition also results in the formation of quantities of the toxic free radical superoxide.^[3]

It has also been found to inhibit the cyclic electron flow within photosynthetic systems along the proposed ferredoxin quinone reductase pathway.^{[citation needed]}

Fungus-growing attine ants have been shown to use antimycins - produced by symbiotic Streptomyces bacteria - in their fungiculture, to inhibit non-cultivar (i.e. pathogenic) fungi.^[4] One research group studying these symbiotic Streptomyces bacteria recently identified the biosynthetic gene cluster for antimycins, which was unknown despite the compounds themselves being identified 60 years ago. Antimycins are synthesised by a hybrid polyketide synthase (PKS)/non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS).^[5]

References

^ Neft N, Farley TM (March 1972). "Conditions influencing antimycin production by a Streptomyces species grown in chemically defined medium". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1 (3): 274–6. doi:10.1128/aac.1.3.274. PMC 444205. PMID 4558141.
^ "Fintrol concentrate". PAN Pesticides Database - Pesticide Products. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ Dairaku N, Kato K, Honda K et al. (March 2004). "Oligomycin and antimycin A prevent nitric oxide–induced apoptosis by blocking cytochrome C leakage". J. Lab. Clin. Med. 143 (3): 143–51. doi:10.1016/j.lab.2003.11.003. PMID 15007303.
^ Schoenian, I. et al. (2011). "Chemical basis of the synergism and antagonism in microbial communities in the nests of leaf-cutting ants". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108 (5): 1955–1960. doi:10.1073/pnas.1008441108. PMC 3033269. PMID 21245311.
^ Seipke, R.F., Barke, J., Brearley, C., Hill, L., Yu, D.W., Goss, R.G. and Hutchings, M.I. (2011). A single Streptomyces mutualist makes multiple antifungals to support the fungus farming ant Acromyrmex octospinosus. PLoS ONE. In Press

English Journal

Reduction of molybdate to molybdenum blue by Klebsiella sp. strain hkeem.

Lim HK, Syed MA, Shukor MY.SourceDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Journal of basic microbiology.J Basic Microbiol.2011 Nov 3. doi: 10.1002/jobm.201100121. [Epub ahead of print]
A novel molybdate-reducing bacterium, tentatively identified as Klebsiella sp. strain hkeem and based on partial 16s rDNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, has been isolated. Strain hkeem produced 3 times more molybdenum blue than Serratia sp. strain Dr.Y8; the most potent Mo-reducing bacte
PMID 22052341

Honokiol protects osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells against antimycin A-induced cytotoxicity.

Choi EM.SourceDepartment of Food and Nutrition, Education Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-701, Korea, cheunmi@hanmail.net.
Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.].Inflamm Res.2011 Nov;60(11):1005-12. Epub 2011 Jul 29.
OBJECTIVE: Honokiol is a phenolic compound isolated from the bark of Magnolia officinalis, a plant widely used in traditional medicine. Antimycin A, which inhibits complex III of the electron transport system, has been used as a reactive oxygen species generator in biological systems. In the present
PMID 21800176

Japanese Journal

Neuroprotective effects of VCP modulators in mouse models of glaucoma

Heliyon 2(4), 2016-04
NAID 120005753824

肝微小循環の酸素勾配を模倣する培養マイクロデバイスの開発と代謝酵素の発現解析

生体医工学 53(Supplement), S230_03-S230_03, 2015
NAID 130005163984

First Total Synthesis of Neoantimycin

Chemistry Letters 44(9), 1214-1216, 2015
NAID 130005096883

「電子伝達系」

Antimycin A
Names
	IUPAC name (2{R},3{S},6{S},7{R},8{R})-3-[(3-formamido- 2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]-8-hexyl-2,6-dimethyl-4,9-dioxo- 1,5-dioxonan-7-yl 3-methylbutanoate
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	642-15-9
ChEBI	CHEBI:22584
ChEMBL	ChEMBL211501
ChemSpider	14246
	InChI InChI=1S/C28H40N2O9/c1-6-7-8-9-11-20-25(39-22(32)14-16(2)3)18(5)38-28(36)23(17(4)37-27(20)35)30-26(34)19-12-10-13-21(24(19)33)29-15-31/h10,12-13,15-18,20,23,25,33H,6-9,11,14H2,1-5H3,(H,29,31)(H,30,34)/t17-,18+,20-,23+,25+/m1/s1 ; Key: UIFFUZWRFRDZJC-SBOOETFBSA-N ; InChI=1/C28H40N2O9/c1-6-7-8-9-11-20-25(39-22(32)14-16(2)3)18(5)38-28(36)23(17(4)37-27(20)35)30-26(34)19-12-10-13-21(24(19)33)29-15-31/h10,12-13,15-18,20,23,25,33H,6-9,11,14H2,1-5H3,(H,29,31)(H,30,34)/t17-,18+,20-,23+,25+/m1/s1; Key: UIFFUZWRFRDZJC-SBOOETFBBB ;
Jmol-3D images	Image
MeSH	Antimycin+A
PubChem	14957
	SMILES O=CNc1cccc(c1O)C(=O)N[C@@H]2C(=O)O[C@H]([C@H](OC(=O)CC(C)C)[C@H](C(=O)O[C@@H]2C)CCCCCC)C ;
Properties
Chemical formula	C28H40N2O9
Molar mass	548.63 g/mol
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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	Infobox references