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the 22nd letter of the Roman alphabet (同)v

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vanadium の化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/04 12:54:06」(JST)

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エトポシド（Etoposide）とは、メギ科の植物Podophyllum peltatumあるいはP.emodiの根茎から抽出した結晶性成分であるポドフィロトキシンを原料とし、1966年に合成された抗悪性腫瘍剤（抗がん剤）。商品名は、ラステット（販売:日本化薬）、ベプシド（販売:ブリストル･マイヤーズ）。VP-16という略号で表されることもある。

作用機序

エトポシドはDNAを切断した後、トポイソメラーゼIIと複合体を形成し、DNAの再結合を阻害する。この結果、DNAの複製阻害を引き起こす。また、細胞周期をG₂/M期で停止させる作用がある。本剤は、このG₂/M期とS期でよく作用する。

効能・効果

肺小細胞癌、悪性リンパ腫、急性白血病、睾丸腫瘍、膀胱癌、絨毛性疾患、胚細胞腫瘍（精巣腫瘍、卵巣腫瘍、性腺外腫瘍）
以下の悪性腫瘍に対する他の抗悪性腫瘍剤との併用療法
- 小児悪性固形腫瘍（ユーイング肉腫ファミリー腫瘍、横紋筋肉腫、神経芽腫、網膜芽腫、肝芽腫その他肝原発悪性腫瘍、腎芽腫その他腎原発悪性腫瘍等）

副作用

骨髄抑制、ショック、間質性肺炎、AST (GOT) 上昇、ALT (GPT) 上昇、悪心・嘔吐、食欲不振、脱毛、倦怠感、発熱など。

外部リンク

ブリストル・マイヤーズ株式会社
日本化薬株式会社
エトポシド注の安定性(2008/01/04)-医薬品情報21

参考資料

『ベプシド^®注／S25,S50』医薬品インタビューフォーム・新様式第1版（ブリストル・マイヤーズ）

VP-16, nicknamed the War Eagles, is an active Patrol Squadron of the U.S. Navy. It has been based at NAS Jacksonville, Florida since its founding in 1953. The squadron's mission is to operate Maritime patrol aircraft to the fleet in support of national interests.^[1] It is the third squadron to have held the VP-16 designation. This article is about the current squadron, but it includes the lineages of the first two VP-16s.^[2]

History

VP-906 was established in May 1946 as a reserve squadron, home-ported at NAS Jacksonville, Florida, under the operational control of FAW-11 and administratively under Naval Air Reserve Training Command. The squadron was one of 21 reserve patrol squadrons established after the war to accommodate the large number of aircrews recently released from active duty, utilize the enormous stocks of aircraft in the inventory and serve as a pool of experienced manpower in the event that the new Cold War tensions erupted into actual war. VP-906 flew the Lockheed PV-2 Harpoon and the amphibious Consolidated PBY-5A/6A Catalina.

On 15 November 1946 VP-906 was redesignated VP-ML-56 while at Cecil Field, Florida. Under the new designation system, reserve squadron number designations began with the number 51 and regular Navy squadrons began with 1. All reserve patrol squadrons were designated as ML. The ML designation used by the reserves stood for either Medium Patrol Squadrons flying the twin-engine PV-2 Harpoon or Medium Seaplane Squadrons flying the amphibious PBY-5A Catalina. Regular Navy patrol squadrons flying the PV-2 were designated ML also, but those flying the PBY-5A were designated AM for Amphibian.

In February 1950 VP-ML-56 was redesignated VP-741 during the reorganization of Naval Aviation reserve units. In this period of extensive defense spending reductions the number of Naval Aviation reserve patrol squadrons was reduced from 24 in 1949 to only 9.

On 1 Mar 1951 VP-741 was recalled to active duty, the last of the nine reserve patrol squadrons recalled for service during the Korean War. In February 1953 the decision was made to augment all of the nine reserve patrol squadrons activated during 1950 to 1951 as part of the regular Navy. VP-741 was redesignated VP-16. The redesignations did not require changes in tail codes or home ports.

On 10 Nov 1956, the squadron deployed to Keflavik, Iceland. During the Middle East Crisis, sparked by the seizure of the Suez Canal, the squadron was flying around the clock to protect NATO’s northern flank. After the situation was defused, VP-16 conducted a series of goodwill tours to several European countries before returning to the U.S. in April 1957.

Mar 1960: VP-16 deployed to NS Roosevelt Roads, P.R., and participated in Operation Springboard 1960.

May 1960: The squadron participated in test shots of the Redstone and Atlas missiles as part of Task Force 140, Project Mercury Recovery Force.

12 Dec 1960: VP-16 deployed to Naval Air Station Sigonella, Sicily, for a five-month tour of duty, relieving VP-5. The squadron provided shipping surveillance in the Mediterranean Sea for the U.S. Sixth Fleet.

In January 1961, it was one of several squadrons called on to assist in the search for the Portuguese cruise liner Santa Maria after it had been hijacked by opponents of the Salazar regime.

Between 29 November 1963 and March 1964 seven squadron aircraft operated from Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba, to provide surveillance during the Cuban Missile Crisis, relieving VP-23. The detachment was itself relieved in March 1964 by VP-11.

1 Dec 1964: VP-16 relieved VP-49 at Kindley Air Force Base, Bermuda. This was the first deployment for the squadron in its new P-3A Orion aircraft.

23 Mar 1965: The squadron participated in operations involving the launching and recovery of the Gemini 3 space capsule, which carried John Young and Virgil Grissom into orbit and returned them safely after completing three orbits.

15 Feb 1966: A detachment of three aircraft was sent to Ascension Island in support of the project Apollo-Saturn 201 flight, Task Force 140. This operation was the first unmanned spacecraft of the Apollo series to be fired into suborbital flight by a Saturn rocket.

On 2 December 1966: VP-17 deployed to Naval Station Sangley Point in the Philippines. A detachment was based at U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield, Thailand and participated in the Vietnam War. During this deployment the squadron missions included Market Time patrols to interdict supplies by sea from North Vietnam, Yankee Team patrols, Ocean Surveillance Air Patrol, and Special Ocean Surveillance Air Patrols. Patrols were often conducted within 12 miles of the coasts of North Vietnam and throughout the Gulf of Tonkin. The squadron completed over 500 missions during its only tour in the Vietnam zone of operations.

12 Dec 1967: The Eagles deployed to Naval Station Rota Spain in southern Spain, as the first P-3 Orion detachment to operate from a Mediterranean base.

Jan 1971: VP-16 retrofitted all of its P-3A aircraft with the DIFAR advanced submarine detection system. In July, the Eagles deployed to Sigonella, Sicily, to test their newly outfitted DIFAR aircraft. The squadron conducted extensive testing of the new equipment during numerous exercises in the Mediterranean Sea.

25 Oct–2 Nov 1983: VP-16 provided several aircraft and crews for patrols in the vicinity of Grenada during Operation Urgent Fury, in which U.S. forces invaded the island of Grenada in response to a military coup.

Aug 1985: VP-16 deployed to Naval Air Station Bermuda. During the deployment three-aircraft detachments were maintained at Roosevelt Roads Naval Station, Puerto Rico, to participate in Operation Hat Trick II, drug interdiction patrols in the Caribbean.

10 Aug 1988: VP-16 deployed to Bermuda, relieving VP-24. The squadron participated in Operation Checkmate 7, interdicting suspected drug trafficking in the Caribbean.^[2]

Lineage

Current VP-16

The current squadron has held the VP-16 designation for over 50 years. Its lineage is as follows:^[2]

Established as Reserve Patrol Squadron VP-906 in May 1946.
Redesignated Medium Seaplane Squadron VP-ML-56 on 15 November 1946.
Redesignated VP-741 in February 1950.
Redesignated VP-16 on 4 February 1953, the third squadron to be assigned the VP-16 designation.

First VP-16

The first use of the VP-16 designation was 21 months in 1937-1939, with a squadron that ultimately became VP-3. Its lineage is as follows:^[3]

Established as VP-16F on 2 Jan 1937
Redesignated VP-16 on 1 Oct 1937
Redesignated VP-41 on 1 Jul 1939
Redesignated VB-136 on 1 Mar 1943
Redesignated VPB-136 on 1 Oct 1944
Redesignated VP-136 on 15 May 1946
Redesignated VP-ML-3 on 15 Nov 1946
Redesignated VP-3 on 1 Sep 1948
Disestablished 1 Nov 1955

Second VP-16

The second VP-16 held the designation for 10 months in 1943-1944, with a squadron that ultimately became VPB-16. Its lineage is as follows:^[3]

Established as VP-16 on 20 Dec 1943
Redesignated VPB-16 on 1 Oct 1944
Disestablished on 30 Jun 1945

Aircraft assignment

The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown:^[2]

Aircraft type	From
PV-2 Harpoon	May 1946
PBY-5A/PBY-6A Catalina	May 1946
P2V-2/3 Neptune	1950
P2V-5 Neptune	Feb 1955
P2V-5F Neptune	Mar 1956
SP-2E Neptune	Dec 1962
P-3A Orion	Jul 1964
P-3A DIFAR Orion	Jan 1971
P-3C Orion	Aug 1973
P-3C UII.5 Orion	Jun 1983
P-3C UIIIR Orion	Oct 1990
P-8A Poseidon	Mar 2012

References

This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons.

^ "U.S. Navy Patrol Squadron Sixteen War Eagles". VP-16 Website. United States Navy. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Roberts, Michael D. (2000). "Chapter 3 Section 3". Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons (pdf)|format= requires |url= (help). Volume 2. Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy. pp. 91–96. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
^ ^a ^b Roberts, Michael D. (2000). "Appendix 7: Lineage Listings for Patrol Squadrons". Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons. Volume 2. Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy. p. 770. Retrieved 2014-03-02.

External links

Official Website of VP-16, Patrol Squadron SIXTEEN

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における抗癌剤の投与 dosing of anticancer agents in adults
2. 非プラチナ製剤ベースの癌化学療法の神経学的合併症の概要 overview of neurologic complications of non platinum cancer chemotherapy
3. 限局期の小細胞肺癌：初期マネージメント limited stage small cell lung cancer initial management
4. 全身化学療法に対する輸注反応 infusion reactions to systemic chemotherapy
5. 進行した精巣胚細胞腫瘍のリスク別の初期治療 initial risk stratified treatment for advanced testicular germ cell tumors

English Journal

Spectroscopic detection of etoposide binding to chromatin components: The role of histone proteins.

Chamani E1, Rabbani-Chadegani A2, Zahraei Z3.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2014 Dec 10;133:292-9. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.05.068. Epub 2014 Jun 5.
Chromatin has been introduced as a main target for most anticancer drugs. Etoposide is known as a topoisomerase II inhibitor, but its effect on chromatin components is unknown. This report, for the first time, describes the effect of etoposide on DNA, histones and DNA-histones complex in the structu
PMID 24954753

Production of IL-1β by bone marrow-derived macrophages in response to chemotherapeutic drugs: Synergistic effects of doxorubicin and vincristine.

Wong J1, Tran LT1, Magun EA2, Magun BE1, Wood LJ1.
Cancer biology & therapy.Cancer Biol Ther.2014 Oct 1;15(10):1395-403. doi: 10.4161/cbt.29922. Epub 2014 Jul 21.
Cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs, especially when used in combination, are widely employed to treat a variety of cancers in patients but often lead to serious symptoms that negatively affect physical functioning and quality of life. There is compelling evidence that implicates cytotoxic chemotherapy
PMID 25046000

Incidence of anticancer drugs in an aquatic urban system: From hospital effluents through urban wastewater to natural environment.

Ferrando-Climent L1, Rodriguez-Mozaz S2, Barceló D3.
Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987).Environ Pollut.2014 Oct;193:216-23. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.002. Epub 2014 Jul 22.
The presence of 10 anticancer drugs was studied along the entire urban water cycle -from hospital effluents through urban wastewater treatment plant till surface waters- and their potential environmental risk was assessed. Azathioprine, etoposide, docetaxel, paclitaxel, methotrexate, cyclophosphamid
PMID 25062279

Japanese Journal

胸腺原発大細胞神経内分泌癌の1切除例

武本智樹,水内寛,佐藤克明,須田健一,岩崎拓也,光冨徹哉
日本呼吸器外科学会雑誌 29(1), 62-66, 2015
… ．浸潤性胸腺腫もしくは胸腺癌を疑い胸骨縦切開腫瘍摘出術，上大静脈・心膜・右肺合併切除術を施行した．腫瘍は白色充実性腫瘍で，病理組織学的に胸腺原発大細胞神経内分泌癌（LCNEC）と診断された．術後12ヵ月で縦隔リンパ節再発と多発肝転移を認め，CBDCA＋VP-16療法を4クール施行し，縮小傾向認めたが，新たに多発骨転移を認めた．極めて稀な胸腺原発LCNECの1切除例を経験したので報告する． …
NAID 130004839526

Schedule-Dependent Cytotoxicity of Etoposide and Cyclophosphamide in P-Glycoprotein-Expressing Human Leukemic K-562 Cells

Tazawa Yuki,Usukubo Ippei,Takada Kazuki,Takekuma Yoh,Shibayama Yoshihiro,Sugawara Mitsuru
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 37(8), 1323-1329, 2014-08
… Our previous studies showed that K-562 cells pretreated with non-cytotoxic concentrations of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HPC), which is a preactivated analog of cyclophosphamide (CY), enhanced the cytotoxicity of etoposide (VP-16). … P-Glycoprotein (P-gp) plays an important role in drug resistance, and VP-16 is a substrate for this efflux pump. …
NAID 120005476201

Choriocarcinoma syndrome を来した性腺外胚細胞腫瘍に対してModified BEP レジメンによる導入化学療法が奏効した1例

大島純平,植村元秀,加藤大悟,永原啓,木内寛,辻村晃,野々村祝夫
泌尿器科紀要 = Acta urologica Japonica 60(4), 183-187, 2014-04
… He underwent chemotherapy with VP-16, ifosfamide and cisplatinum regimen, but on day 2, he noticed strong dyspnea. … After ARDS improved, he underwent modified bleomycin, VP-16 and cisplatinum for induction therapy again. …
NAID 120005439511

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「エトポシド」「etoposide」
関連記事	「VP」「V」

「エトポシド」

VP-16
	VP-16 insignia
Active	1953-
Country	USA
Branch	US Navy
Role	maritime patrol
Size	squadron

エトポシド
IUPAC命名法による物質名
	(-)-(5R,5aR,8aR,9S)-9-[ [4,6-O-(R)-エチリデン-β-D-グルコピラノシル]オキシ]-5,8,8a,9-テトラヒドロ-5-(4-ヒドロキシ-3,5-ジメトキシフェニル)フロ[3,4:6,7]ナフト[2,3-d]-1,3-ジオキソール-6(5aH)-オン
臨床データ
胎児危険度分類	D（米国）;
法的規制	劇薬; 指定医薬品; 処方せん医薬品;
投与方法	点滴静注、経口投与
薬物動態的データ
生物学的利用能	48.4%
血漿タンパク結合	90.1%（1時間）
代謝	肝臓（フェノール性グルクロン酸抱合）
半減期	経口:6時間、静注:6-12時間（小児:3時間）
排泄	尿・胆汁・糞中
識別
CAS番号	33419-42-0
ATCコード	L01CB01
PubChem	CID 36462
KEGG	D00125
化学的データ
化学式	C29H32O13
分子量	588.557