- 同
- Tumor necrosis factors
WordNet
- be a contributing factor; "make things factor into a companys profitability"
- any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together
- an independent variable in statistics
- anything that contributes causally to a result; "a number of factors determined the outcome"
- consider as relevant when making a decision; "You must factor in the recent developments" (同)factor in, factor out
- resolve into factors; "a quantum computer can factor the number 15" (同)factor in, factor out
- an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; "your fears have no basis in fact"; "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell"
- a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts"
- a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred; "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
- a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened; "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"
- the localized death of living cells (as from infection or the interruption of blood supply) (同)mortification, gangrene, sphacelus
- an abnormal new mass of tissue that serves no purpose (同)tumour, neoplasm
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (…の)『要因』,(…を生み出す)要素《+『in』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 囲数,約数 / 代理人,《おもに英》仲買人 / =factorize
- 〈C〉『事実』,実際にある(あった)事 / 〈U〉真相,真実(truth) / 《the~》(法律用語で)犯行
- 壊疽(えそ)
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/02/22 10:42:49」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
"TNF" redirects here. For other uses, see TNF (disambiguation).
| TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) family |
|
Trimeric structure of TNF alpha, produced by Mus musculus, based on PDB structure 2TNF (1.4 Å Resolution). Different colors represent different monomers. Baeyens, KJ et al. (1999).[1] Figure rendered using FirstGlance Jmol.
|
| Identifiers |
| Symbol |
TNF |
| Pfam |
PF00229 |
| InterPro |
IPR006052 |
| PROSITE |
PDOC00224 |
| SCOP |
1tnf |
| SUPERFAMILY |
1tnf |
| OPM superfamily |
357 |
| OPM protein |
2hew |
| Available protein structures: |
| Pfam |
structures |
| PDB |
RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj |
| PDBsum |
structure summary |
|
| TNF |
|
crystal structure of trail-sdr5
|
| Identifiers |
| Symbol |
TNF |
| Pfam |
PF00229 |
| Pfam clan |
CL0100 |
| InterPro |
IPR006052 |
| PROSITE |
PDOC00561 |
| SCOP |
1tnr |
| SUPERFAMILY |
1tnr |
| Available protein structures: |
| Pfam |
structures |
| PDB |
RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj |
| PDBsum |
structure summary |
|
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily refers to a superfamily of cytokines that can cause cell death (apoptosis).
The first two members of the family to be identified were:
- Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), formerly known as TNFα or TNF alpha, is the best-known member of this class. TNF is a monocyte-derived cytotoxin that has been implicated in tumor regression, septic shock, and cachexia.[2][3] The protein is synthesized as a prohormone with an unusually long and atypical signal sequence, which is absent from the mature secreted cytokine.[4] A short hydrophobic stretch of amino acids serves to anchor the prohormone in lipid bilayers.[5] Both the mature protein and a partially processed form of the hormone can be secreted after cleavage of the propeptide.[5]
- Lymphotoxin-alpha, formerly known as Tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β), is a cytokine that is inhibited by interleukin 10.[6]
Contents
- 1 Family members
- 2 Examples
- 3 Notes and references
- 4 External links
Family members
Nineteen proteins have been identified as part of the TNF family on the basis of sequence, functional, and structural similarities.[7] They include:[8][9][10]
- Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (also known as cachectin [11] or TNF alpha)[12][13] is a cytokine that has a wide variety of functions. It can cause cytolysis of certain tumor cell lines; it is involved in the induction of cachexia; it is a potent pyrogen, causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion; it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation under certain conditions.
- Lymphotoxin-alpha (LT-alpha) and lymphotoxin-beta (LT-beta), two related cytokines produced by lymphocytes that are cytotoxic for a wide range of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo.[14]
- T cell antigen gp39 (CD40L), a cytokine that seems to be important in B-cell development and activation.
- CD27L, a cytokine that plays a role in T-cell activation. It induces the proliferation of co-stimulated T cells and enhances the generation of cytolytic T cells.
- CD30L, a cytokine that induces proliferation of T cells.
- FASL, a cell surface protein involved in cell death.[15]
- 4-1BBL, an inducible T cell surface molecule that contributes to T-cell stimulation.
- OX40L, a cell surface protein that co-stimulates T cell proliferation and cytokine production.[16]
- TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), a cytokine that induces apoptosis.[17]
Model of hydrogen bond between Asn34 of subunit A and Arg82 of subunit C, produced by
M. musculus, based on PDB structure 2TNF. The residues participating the hydrogen bond are shown in stick. The short bond length, 2.84Å, highly suggests a strong hydrogen bond that supports the tertiary structure. Baeyens, KJ et al. (1999).
[1] Generated in Chimera.
All these cytokines seem to form homotrimeric (or heterotrimeric in the case of LT-alpha/beta) complexes that are recognized by their specific receptors. Strong hydrogen bonds between the monomers stabilize the tertiary structure. One such example is the Asn34-Arg82 hydrogen bond in the M. musculus TNF alpha.[1] The PROSITE pattern for this family is located in a beta-strand in the central section of the protein that is conserved across all members.
All members of the TNF family, with the exception of the secreted lymphotoxin and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), are type II transmembrane proteins that protrude from immune cells. Such membrane-bound TNF ligands frequently signal back to the immune cells when they contact and bind their cognate receptors on other cells.[7]
Examples
Human proteins containing this domain include:
- CD40LG (TNFSF5); CD70 (TNFSF7); EDA; FASLG (TNFSF6); LTA (TNFSF1); LTB (TNFSF3);
- TNF
- TNFSF4 (OX40L); TNFSF8 (CD153); TNFSF9; TNFSF10 (TRAIL); TNFSF11 (RANKL); TNFSF12 (TWEAK); TNFSF13; TNFSF13B; TNFSF14; TNFSF15; TNFSF18;
Notes and references
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR006052
- ^ a b c Baeyens KJ, De Bondt HL, Raeymaekers A, Fiers W, De Ranter CJ (April 1999). "The structure of mouse tumour-necrosis factor at 1.4 Å resolution: towards modulation of its selectivity and trimerization". Acta Crystallogr. D. 55 (Pt 4): 772–8. doi:10.1107/s0907444998018435. PMID 10089307.
- ^ Fransen L, Müller R, Marmenout A, Tavernier J, Van der Heyden J, Kawashima E, Chollet A, Tizard R, Van Heuverswyn H, Van Vliet A (June 1985). "Molecular cloning of mouse tumour necrosis factor cDNA and its eukaryotic expression". Nucleic Acids Res. 13 (12): 4417–29. doi:10.1093/nar/13.12.4417. PMC 321797. PMID 2989794.
- ^ Kriegler M, Perez C, DeFay K, Albert I, Lu SD (April 1988). "A novel form of TNF/cachectin is a cell surface cytotoxic transmembrane protein: ramifications for the complex physiology of TNF". Cell. 53 (1): 45–53. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(88)90486-2. PMID 3349526.
- ^ Sherry B, Jue DM, Zentella A, Cerami A (December 1990). "Characterization of high molecular weight glycosylated forms of murine tumor necrosis factor". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 173 (3): 1072–8. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80895-2. PMID 2268312.
- ^ a b Cseh K, Beutler B (September 1989). "Alternative cleavage of the cachectin/tumor necrosis factor propeptide results in a larger, inactive form of secreted protein". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (27): 16256–60. PMID 2777790.
- ^ Waltenbaugh C, Doan T, Melvold R, Viselli S (2008). Immunology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 68. ISBN 0-7817-9543-5.
- ^ a b Sun M, Fink PJ (2007). "A new class of reverse signaling costimulators belongs to the TNF family". J Immunol. 179 (7): 4307–12. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4307. PMID 17878324.
- ^ Peitsch MC, Jongeneel CV (February 1993). "A 3-D model for the CD40 ligand predicts that it is a compact trimer similar to the tumor necrosis factors". Int. Immunol. 5 (2): 233–8. doi:10.1093/intimm/5.2.233. PMID 8095800.
- ^ Farrah T, Smith CA (July 1992). "Emerging cytokine family". Nature. 358 (6381): 26. doi:10.1038/358026b0. PMID 1377364.
- ^ Bazan JF (September 1993). "Emerging families of cytokines and receptors". Curr. Biol. 3 (9): 603–6. doi:10.1016/0960-9822(93)90009-D. PMID 15335677.
- ^ D. CAPUT, et al., Identification of a common nucleotide sequence in the 3'-untranslated region of mRNA molecules specifying inflammatory mediators, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:1670-1674 Biochemistry, 1986 and references cited)
- ^ Beutler B, Cerami A (October 1988). "The history, properties, and biological effects of cachectin". Biochemistry. 27 (20): 7575–82. doi:10.1021/bi00420a001. PMID 3061461.
- ^ Vilcek J, Lee TH (April 1991). "Tumor necrosis factor. New insights into the molecular mechanisms of its multiple actions". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (12): 7313–6. PMID 1850405.
- ^ Browning JL, Ngam-ek A, Lawton P, DeMarinis J, Tizard R, Chow EP, Hession C, O'Brine-Greco B, Foley SF, Ware CF (March 1993). "Lymphotoxin beta, a novel member of the TNF family that forms a heteromeric complex with lymphotoxin on the cell surface". Cell. 72 (6): 847–56. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90574-A. PMID 7916655.
- ^ Suda T, Takahashi T, Golstein P, Nagata S (December 1993). "Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand, a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family". Cell. 75 (6): 1169–78. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90326-L. PMID 7505205.
- ^ Baum PR, Gayle RB, Ramsdell F, Srinivasan S, Sorensen RA, Watson ML, Seldin MF, Baker E, Sutherland GR, Clifford KN (September 1994). "Molecular characterization of murine and human OX40/OX40 ligand systems: identification of a human OX40 ligand as the HTLV-1-regulated protein gp34". EMBO J. 13 (17): 3992–4001. PMC 395319. PMID 8076595.
- ^ Wiley SR, Schooley K, Smolak PJ, Din WS, Huang CP, Nicholl JK, Sutherland GR, Smith TD, Rauch C, Smith CA (December 1995). "Identification and characterization of a new member of the TNF family that induces apoptosis". Immunity. 3 (6): 673–82. doi:10.1016/1074-7613(95)90057-8. PMID 8777713.
External links
- Tumor Necrosis Factors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- pex1 tumor necrosis factor gene
|
Cell signaling: cytokines
|
|
| By family |
|
|
By function/
cell |
|
|
TNF receptor superfamily modulators
|
|
| LTB (TNFβ) |
- Agonists: Lymphotoxin (α (TNFβ), β (TNFC))
- Decoy receptors: Baminercept
|
|
| TNF (TNFα) |
|
TNFR1
|
- Agonists: Plusonermin
- Sonermin
- Tasonfermin
- TNF (TNFα)
|
|
|
TNFR2
|
- Agonists: Plusonermin
- Sonermin
- Tasonfermin
- TNF (TNFα)
|
|
|
Ungrouped
|
- Antibodies: Adalimumab
- Afelimomab
- Certolizumab pegol
- Golimumab
- Infliximab
- Nerelimomab
- Ozoralizumab
- Remtolumab
- Placulumab
- Decoy receptors: Etanercept
- Lenercept
- Onercept
- Pegsunercept
- Enzyme inhibitors: Apratastat
- Other inhibitors: Apremilast
- Bupropion
- Catechins (green tea)
- Cannabinoids (cannabis, Echinacea purpurea)
- Curcumin (turmeric)
- LA-SS-Az
- Lenalidomide
- LSD
- Pentoxifylline
- Pomalidomide
- R-DOI
- TCB-2
- Thalidomide
|
|
|
| Others |
- TNF superfamily protein ligands: 4-1BBL (CD137L, TNFSF9)
- APRIL (CD256, TNFSF13)
- BAFF (CD257, TNFSF13B)
- CAML
- CD70 (CD27L, TNFSF7)
- CD153 (CD30L, TNFSF8)
- CD154 (CD40L, TNFSF5)
- Ectodysplasin (A, A2)
- FasL (CD95L, TNFSF6)
- GITRL (TNFSF18)
- LIGHT (HEVML, CD258, TNFSF14)
- OX40L (CD252, TNFSF4)
- RANKL (TRANCE, OPGL, ODF, CD254, TNFSF11)
- Siva (CD27BP)
- TRAIL (CD253, TNFSF10)
- TWEAK (TNFSF12)
- VEGI (TL1A, TNFSF15)
- Recombinant proteins: Ardenermin
- Dulanermin
- Antibodies: Belimumab
- Brentuximab vedotin
- Conatumumab
- Dacetuzumab
- Denosumab
- Drozitumab
- Enavatuzumab
- Iratumumab
- Lexatumumab
- Lucatumumab
- Mapatumumab
- Oxelumab
- Ruplizumab
- Tabalumab
- Tavolixizumab
- Teneliximab
- Tigatuzumab
- Toralizumab
- Urelumab
- Utomilumab
- Varlilumab
- Vorsetuzumab
- Vorsetuzumab mafodotin
- Decoy receptors: Briobacept
- Other inhibitors: Blisibimod
|
|
- See also: Cytokine receptor modulators
- Peptide receptor modulators
|
UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
English Journal
- The composition of cigarette smoke determines inflammatory cell recruitment to the lung in COPD mouse models.
- John G, Kohse K, Orasche J, Reda A, Schnelle-Kreis J, Zimmermann R, Schmid O, Eickelberg O, Yildirim AÖ.Source*Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2014 Feb 1;126(3):207-21. doi: 10.1042/CS20130117.
- COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is caused by exposure to toxic gases and particles, most often CS (cigarette smoke), leading to emphysema, chronic bronchitis, mucus production and a subsequent decline in lung function. The disease pathogenesis is related to an abnormal CS-induced inflam
- PMID 23875733
- Involvement of the HIF-1α and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in the protective effects of losartan on fatty liver graft with ischaemia/reperfusion injury.
- Yang YY, Lee PC, Huang YT, Lee WP, Kuo YJ, Lee KC, Hsieh YC, Lee TY, Lin HC.Source∥Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2014 Jan 1;126(2):163-74. doi: 10.1042/CS20130025.
- Besides cardioprotective effects, the AT1R (angiotensin-II type 1 receptor) antagonist losartan protects the liver from IRI [IR (ischaemia/reperfusion) injury], but the mechanism has not been fully determined. The HIF (hypoxia inducible factor)-1α and Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathways have been r
- PMID 23875703
- Therapeutic human monoclonal antibodies in inflammatory diseases.
- Kotsovilis S, Andreakos E.SourceLaboratory of Immunogenetics, Center of Immunology and Transplantation, Immunobiology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Hellas, Greece.
- Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2014;1060:37-59. doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-586-6_3.
- Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are antibodies of a single antigen specificity produced by identical immune cells, i.e., clones of a common germ cell. They offer unprecedented opportunities to drug development because of their ability to target almost any cell surface or secreted molecule with remarkab
- PMID 24037835
Japanese Journal
- Anti-inflammatory effects of activated protein C on human dendritic cells
- Ohkuma Koichi,Matsuda Kouki,Kariya Ryusho [他]
- Microbiology and immunology 59(7), 381-388, 2015-07
- NAID 40020549873
- 慢性炎症(NF-κB, TNF-αなど)とCOPD (特集 慢性炎症と疾病)
- 徳田 百合子,別役 智子
- 臨床免疫・アレルギー科 = Clinical immunology & allergology 63(6), 558-562, 2015-06
- NAID 40020505024
- 〈Originals〉Interleukin-18 receptor α has differing roles in the systemic response and renal inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury
- Hino Shoichi,Nozaki Yuji,Nagare Yasuaki,Kinoshita Koji,Funauchi Masanori,Matsumura Itaru
- ACTA MEDICA KINKI UNIVERSITY 40(1), 15-22, 2015-06
- … As the results, IL-18Rα deficiency ameliorated the renal function and reduced the serum level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and IL-18. …
- NAID 120005626256
Related Links
- This gene encodes a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. This cytokine is mainly secreted by macrophages. It can bind to, and thus functions through its ...
- Tumor necrosis factor: One of multiple proteins capable of inducing necrosis (death) of tumor cells that possess a wide range of proinflammatory actions. Abbreviated TNF. TNF is a multifunctional cytokine with effects on lipid ...
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 関
- actual、actually、in fact、in practice、indeed、practically
[★]
- 関
- element、elementary、factorial、parameter
[★]