New World monkey

新世界ザル

関

Platyrrhini

WordNet

1. New World monkeys: capuchin; douroucouli; howler monkey; saki; spider monkey; squirrel monkey; titi; uakari; woolly monkey; marmoset; tamarin (同)superfamily Platyrrhini
2. unfamiliar; "new experiences"; "experiences new to him"; "errors of someone new to the job"
3. having no previous example or precedent or parallel; "a time of unexampled prosperity" (同)unexampled
4. (of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity; "new potatoes"; "young corn" (同)young
5. not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered; "a new law"; "new cars"; "a new comet"; "a new friend"; "a new year"; "the New World"
6. other than the former one(s); different; "they now have a new leaders"; "my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it"; "ready to take a new direction"
7. unaffected by use or exposure; "it looks like new"
8. all of the living human inhabitants of the earth; "all the world loves a lover"; "she always used `humankind because `mankind seemed to slight the women" (同)human_race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans, mankind, man
9. people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest; "the Western world" (同)domain
10. all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you; "his world was shattered"; "we live in different worlds"; "for them demons were as much a part of reality as trees were" (同)reality
11. a part of the earth that can be considered separately; "the outdoor world"; "the world of insects"
12. any of various long-tailed primates (excluding the prosimians)
13. a male religious living in a cloister and devoting himself to contemplation and prayer and work (同)monastic
14. the 14th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)n

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (その状態になってまだ時間がたっていなくて)『新しい』;《名詞の前にのみ用いて》新しく発見(発明)された,新しく来た / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》目新しい,初めて聞く,なじみのない / 《補語にのみ用いて》(人が)(…に)『まだ慣れていない』,(…を)よく知らない《『to』+『名』》 / 《補語にのみ用いて》(人が)(…から)出てきたばかりの《+『from』+『名』》 / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》まだ着た(使った)ことがない,新品の / 新たに始まる;(肉体的・精神的に)一新した / 《おもに複合語を作って》最近(recently);新たに,新しく(newly)
2. 《the world》『世界』,地球 / 《the world》(特定の時代・特徴・地域に限られた)世界,《one's world》(個人の生活・経験などの)世界 / 《the world》宇宙 / 〈C〉(特に生物がいる)天体 / 《the world》『世界の人たち』,世間の人たち / 《the world》『世間』,世の中,現世;《文》世俗,俗事 / 《修飾語を伴って》《the world》(特定のグループの作る)世界,(動植物の生存する)界 / 《a world, the world》大量(の…),たくさん(の…)《+of+名》
3. 『さる』(猿)(普通小さくて尾のあるサル) / 《話》猿に似た顔つきの人(動作をする人);(特に)いたずら小僧 / 《英俗》500ポンド,500ドル / (…を)いじる《+『around with』+『名』》
4. (一般に)修道僧,僧侶(そうりょ);(キリスト教の)修道士,道士
5. サル(猿)
6. nitrogenの化学記号

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/22 20:07:05」(JST)

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New World monkeys
Brown spider monkey
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorrhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Parvorder:	Platyrrhini E. Geoffroy, 1812
Families
Callitrichidae Cebidae Aotidae Pitheciidae Atelidae

New World monkeys are the five families of primates that are found in Central and South America and portions of Mexico: Callitrichidae, Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae, and Atelidae. The five families are ranked together as the Platyrrhini parvorder and the Ceboidea superfamily, which are essentially synonymous since Ceboidea is the only living platyrrhine superfamily. They differ from other groupings of monkeys and primates, such as the Old World monkeys and the apes.

Characteristics

New World monkeys are small to mid-sized primates, ranging from the pygmy marmoset (the world's smallest monkey), at 14 to 16 cm (5.5 to 6.3 in) and a weight of 120 to 190 grams (4.2 to 6.7 oz), to the southern muriqui, at 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in) and a weight of 12 to 15 kg (26 to 33 lb). New World monkeys differ slightly from Old World monkeys in several aspects. The most prominent phenotypic distinction is the nose, which is the feature used most commonly to distinguish between the two groups. The clade for the New World monkeys, Platyrrhini, means "flat nosed". The noses of New World monkeys are flatter than the narrow noses of the Old World monkeys, and have side-facing nostrils. New World monkeys are the only monkeys with prehensile tails—in comparison with the shorter, non-grasping tails of the anthropoids of the Old World.

New World monkeys (except for the howler monkeys of genus Alouatta) also typically lack the trichromatic vision of Old World monkeys. Colour vision in New World primates relies on a single gene on the X-chromosome to produce pigments that absorb medium and long wavelength light, which contrasts with short wavelength light. As a result, males rely on a single medium/long pigment gene and are dichromatic, as are homozygous females. Heterozygous females may possess two alleles with different sensitivities within this range, and so can display trichromatic vision.

Platyrrhines also differ from Old World monkeys in that they have twelve premolars instead of eight; having a dental formula of 2.1.3.32.1.3.3 or 2.1.3.22.1.3.2 (consisting of 2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, and 2 or 3 molars). This is in contrast with Old World Anthropoids, including gorillas, chimps, bonobos, siamangs, gibbons, orangutans, and most humans, which share a dental formula of 2.1.2.32.1.2.3. New World monkeys in the family Atelidae are the only primates with tails that are prehensile. Many New World monkeys are small and almost all are arboreal, so knowledge of them is less comprehensive than that of the more easily observed Old World monkeys. Unlike most Old World monkeys, many New World monkeys form monogamous pair bonds, and show substantial paternal care of young. They eat fruits, nuts, insects, flowers, bird eggs, spiders, and small mammals. Unlike humans and most Old World monkeys, their thumbs are not opposable (except for some Cebids).

Origin

About 40 million years ago, the Simiiformes infraorder split into the parvorders Platyrrhini (New World monkeys—in South America) and Catarrhini (apes and Old World monkeys—in Africa). The individuals whose descendents would become Platyrrhini are currently conjectured to have migrated to South America either on a raft of vegetation or via a land bridge. There are two possible rafting routes, either across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa or across the Caribbean from North America. However, there is no fossil record to support the hypothesis of a migration from North America. The land bridge hypothesis relies on the existence of Atlantic Ocean ridges and a fall in the sea level in the Oligocene. This would have either produced a single land bridge or a series of mid-Atlantic islands to act as stepping stones for the migration.

At that time, the Isthmus of Panama had not yet formed, ocean currents and climate were quite different, and the Atlantic Ocean was less than the present 2,800 km (1,700 mi) width by about a third; possibly 1,000 km less, based on the current estimate of the Atlantic mid-ocean ridge formation processes spreading rate of 25 mm/year.

Evolution

The chromosomal content of the ancestor species appears to have been 2n = 54. In extant species, the 2n value varies from 16 in the titi monkey to 62 in the woolly monkey.

A Bayesian estimate of the most recent common ancestor of the extant species has a 95% confidence interval of 27 million years ago-31 million years ago.

Classification

The following is the listing of the various platyrrhine families, and their placement in the Order Primates:

• ORDER PRIMATES
  • Suborder Strepsirrhini: lemurs, lorises, etc.
  • Suborder Haplorrhini: tarsiers, monkeys and apes
    • Infraorder Tarsiiformes
      • Family Tarsiidae: tarsiers
    • Infraorder Simiiformes
      • Parvorder Platyrrhini: New World monkeys
        • Family Callitrichidae: marmosets and tamarins
        • Family Cebidae: capuchins and squirrel monkeys
        • Family Aotidae: night or owl monkeys (douroucoulis)
        • Family Pitheciidae: titis, sakis and uakaris
        • Family Atelidae: howler, spider, woolly spider and woolly monkeys
      • Parvorder Catarrhini: Old World monkeys, apes and humans

See also

• List of New World monkey species
• List of primates by population

References

Further reading

• Schneider, H. (2000). "The current status of the New World Monkey phylogeny". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 72 (2): 165–172. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652000000200005. 
• Opazo, J. C.; et al. (2006). "Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 274–280. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.015. PMID 16698289. 

External links

• "Primate Hunting Reaches Crisis Point in Latin America". Spiegel Online international. March 13, 2007. 
• Geographic Distributions of Amazonian Primates - Tomas and Marc van Roosmalen, Pdf 3,2 Mb

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English Journal

• Differential Cadherin Expression in the Developing Postnatal Telencephalon of a New World Monkey.

• Matsunaga E, Nambu S, Oka M, Iriki A.SourceLaboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, 351-0198, Japan.
• The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2013 Dec 1;521(17):4027-4060. doi: 10.1002/cne.23389.
• Cadherins are cell adhesion molecules widely expressed in the nervous system, where they play various roles in neural patterning, nuclei formation, axon guidance, and synapse formation and function. Although many published articles have reported on cadherin expression in rodents and ferrets, there a
• PMID 23784870

• The natural place to begin: The ethnoprimatology of the Waorani.

• Papworth S, Milner-Gulland EJ, Slocombe K.SourceDivision of Ecology and Evolution, Imperial College, Ascot, United Kingdom; Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
• American journal of primatology.Am J Primatol.2013 Nov;75(11):1117-28. doi: 10.1002/ajp.22173. Epub 2013 Jul 1.
• Ethnoprimatology is an important and growing discipline, studying the diverse relationships between humans and primates. However there is a danger that too great a focus on primates as important to humans may obscure the importance of other animal groups to local people. The Waorani of Amazonian Ecu
• PMID 23818096

• The broader evolutionary lessons to be learned from a comparative and phylogenetic analysis of primate muscle morphology.

• Diogo R, Wood B.SourceDepartment of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20059, U.S.A.
• Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc.2013 Nov;88(4):988-1001. doi: 10.1111/brv.12039. Epub 2013 Mar 27.
• The present publication reviews the broader evolutionary implications of our long-term study of primate musculature. It summarizes the implications of the study for our understanding of the use of myological characters for phylogenetic reconstruction, for assessing the importance of homoplasy and re
• PMID 23530476

Japanese Journal

• NEWS AND PERSPECTIVES : Responses towards a dying adult group member in a wild New World monkey

• Bezerra Bruna Martins,Keasey Matthew Philip,Schiel Nicola [他]
• Primates 55(2), 185-188, 2014-04
• NAID 40020041005

• Efficient in vivo depletion of CD8(+) T lymphocytes in common marmosets by novel CD8 monoclonal antibody administration.

• Yoshida Tomoyuki,Suzuki Saori,Iwasaki Yuki,Kaneko Akihisa,Saito Akatsuki,Enomoto Yuki,Higashino Atsunori,Watanabe Akino,Suzuki Juri,Inoue Kenichi,Kuroda Teiko,Takada Masahiko,Ito Ryoji,Ito Mamoru,Akari Hirofumi
• Immunology letters 154(1-2), 12-17, 2013-07
• … Recently, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), which is classified as a New World monkey, has been shown useful as an experimental animal model for various human diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and a number of infectious diseases. …
• NAID 120005341875

• Heterochromatin Blocks Constituting the Entire Short Arms of Acrocentric Chromosomes of Azara's Owl Monkey: Formation Processes Inferred From Chromosomal Locations.

• Prakhongcheep Ornjira,Chaiprasertsri Nampech,Terada Shoko,Hirai Yuriko,Srikulnath Kornsorn,Hirai Hirohisa,Koga Akihiko
• DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes 20(5), 461-470, 2013-06-11
• … C-banding analysis of chromosomes of Azara's owl monkey, a primate species, showed that the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes consist mostly or solely of constitutive heterochromatin. … Neither OwlRep nor similar sequences were found in the genomes of the other New World monkey species we examined, suggesting that OwlRep underwent rapid amplification after the divergence of the owl monkey lineage from lineages of the other species. …
• NAID 120005343928

Related Links

• New world monkey | Define New world monkey at Dictionary.com

New World monkey noun any of various arboreal anthropoid primates of the group or superfamily Platyrrhini, inhabiting forests from Mexico to Argentina and typically having a hairy face, widely separated nostrils, long arms, and a ...

• New World monkey - definition of New World monkey by the ...

New World monkey n 1. (Animals) any monkey of the family Cebidae, of Central and South America, having widely separated nostrils: many are arboreal and have a prehensile tail. Compare Old World monkey Thesaurus Legend: Synonyms ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Platyrrhini」「新世界ザル」
関連記事	「monkey」「new」「N」「world」「Ne」

「Platyrrhini」

　　[★]

広鼻下目

• 広鼻下目、広鼻猿類、広鼻猿、新世界ザル

関

New World monkey

　

「新世界ザル」

　　[★]

英

New World monkey、Platyrrhini

関

広鼻下目、広鼻猿類、広鼻猿

「monkey」

　　[★]

サル

関

anthropoid、Anthropoidea、Haplorhini、simian

　 　

「new」

　　[★]

• 新しい、新

関

neo、novel

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「N」

　　[★]

• アスパラギン asparagine
• 窒素(原子、分子)

　 　

「world」

　　[★]

• n.

• 世界

　 　 　 　 　

「Ne」

　　[★]

ネオン

関

neon