関: Anthropoidea、ape、Haplorhini、monkey

WordNet

any member of the suborder Anthropoidea including monkeys and apes and hominids
resembling human beings (同)manlike
person who resembles a nonhuman primate (同)ape
resembling apes (同)anthropoidal, apelike
any of various primates with short tails or no tail at all
imitate uncritically and in every aspect; "Her little brother apes her behavior"
any of various long-tailed primates (excluding the prosimians)
monkeys; apes; hominids (同)suborder Anthropoidea
any tailless ape of the families Pongidae and Hylobatidae

PrepTutorEJDIC

人間に似た / 類人猿
サル(monkey);(特に,チンパンジー・ゴリラなどの)尾なしザル,類人猿 / 人まねをする人 / …のまねをする,'を'まねる(mimic)
『さる』(猿)(普通小さくて尾のあるサル) / 《話》猿に似た顔つきの人(動作をする人);(特に)いたずら小僧 / 《英俗》500ポンド,500ドル / (…を)いじる《+『around with』+『名』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/26 05:26:49」(JST)

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1. 後頭後位の胎児のマネージメント management of the fetus in occiput posterior position

English Journal

The morphology of Oreopithecus bambolii pollical distal phalanx.

Almécija S, Shrewsbury M, Rook L, Moyà-Solà S.Author information Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8081; Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History and NYCEP, New York, NY, 10024; Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.AbstractOreopithecus bambolii is a Late Miocene ape from Italy, first described in the late 19th century. Its interpretation is still highly controversial, especially in reference to its hand proportions and thumb morphology. In this study, the authors provide detailed descriptions of the available Oreopithecus pollical distal phalanx (PDP) specimens, as well as bivariate and multivariate morphometric analyses in comparison with humans, extant apes, selected anthropoid monkeys, and available Miocene PDP specimens. The multivariate results reveal two opposite poles on the hominoid PDP shape spectrum: on one side, a mediolaterally broad and dorsopalmarly short human PDP, and on the other side, the narrow and "conical" PDP of chimpanzees and orangutans. The authors contend that Oreopithecus exhibits intermediate PDP proportions that are largely primitive for hominoids because it shares morphological similarities with Proconsul. Furthermore, Oreopithecus displays a mediolaterally wide tuft for a hominoid, as well as a palmarly elevated attachment for a long tendon of a flexor muscle that is associated at its proximal edge with a proximal fossa and at its distal edge with an ungual fossa. These nonmetrical traits have been associated in humans with their capability to oppose and contact the proximal pads of the thumb and fingers, that is, pad-to-pad precision grasping. These traits reinforce previous studies that indicate a human-like thumb-to-hand length ratio compatible with pad-to-pad precision grasping in Oreopithecus. Although specific hand use is still unresolved in Oreopithecus, the results suggest enhanced manipulative skills (unrelated to stone tool-making) in this taxon relative to other (extant or fossil) hominoids. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2013. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
American journal of physical anthropology.Am J Phys Anthropol.2014 Jan 7. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22458. [Epub ahead of print]
Oreopithecus bambolii is a Late Miocene ape from Italy, first described in the late 19th century. Its interpretation is still highly controversial, especially in reference to its hand proportions and thumb morphology. In this study, the authors provide detailed descriptions of the available Oreopith
PMID 24395731

Double effort: Parental behavior of wild Azara's owl monkeys in the face of twins.

Huck M, van Lunenburg M, Dávalos V, Rotundo M, Di Fiore A, Fernandez-Duque E.Author information Department of Biological and Forensic Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom.AbstractIn species of mammals that habitually bear single offspring, like most anthropoid primates, the occurrence of twins is expected to impose considerable energetic costs on the caretakers. The question then arises of how caregivers cope with the potentially increased costs of raising twins. These increased costs should lead to differing developmental rates in twins when compared to singletons, and/or to changes in the caregivers' behavior. Likewise, time budgets of parents of singletons are expected to differ from those of adults without offspring. Additionally, if twinning was an adaptive response to favorable ecological conditions, it should be more likely in years with high food abundance. Following the birth in 2011 of two sets of twins in a wild population of pair-living Azara's owl monkeys (Aotus azarae) in Northern Argentina, we used long-term demographic, behavioral, and phenological data to compare (a) the proportion of time that singleton and twin infants were carried by either parent; (b) adult time budgets and ranging behavior in groups with zero, one, or two infants; and (c) the availability of food in 2011 with food availability in other years. Twins, like singletons, were carried nearly exclusively by the male, and they were carried slightly more than singletons, suggesting a relatively inflexible pattern of infant care in the species. Time budgets showed that twin parents foraged more and moved less than singleton parents or groups without infants, despite the fact that phenological data indicate that fruit availability in 2011 was not substantially higher than in some of the other years. Overall, twinning thus presumably increased costs to breeders, especially males, but its effect on animals' long-term reproductive success remains unclear. Am. J. Primatol. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
American journal of primatology.Am J Primatol.2014 Jan 3. doi: 10.1002/ajp.22256. [Epub ahead of print]
In species of mammals that habitually bear single offspring, like most anthropoid primates, the occurrence of twins is expected to impose considerable energetic costs on the caretakers. The question then arises of how caregivers cope with the potentially increased costs of raising twins. These incre
PMID 24395709

The effective population sizes of the anthropoid ancestors of the human-chimpanzee lineage provide insights on the historical biogeography of the great apes.

Schrago CG.Author information Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.AbstractThe recent development of methods that apply coalescent theory to phylogenetic problems has enabled the study of the population-level phenomena that drove the diversification of anthropoid primates. Effective population size, Ne, is one of the main parameters that constitute the theoretical underpinning of these new analytical approaches. For this reason, the ancestral Ne of selected primate lineages has been thoroughly investigated. However, for some of these lineages, the estimates of ancestral Ne reported in several studies present significant variation. This is the case for the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. Moreover, several ancestral anthropoid lineages have been ignored in the studies conducted so far. Because Ne is fundamental to understand historic species demography, it is a crucial component of a complete description of the historical scenario of primate evolution. It also provides information that is helpful for differentiating between competing biogeographical hypotheses. In this study, the effective population sizes of the anthropoid ancestors of the human-chimp lineage are inferred using data sets of coding and noncoding sequences. A general pattern of a serial decline of population sizes is found between the ancestral lineage of Anthropoidea and that of Homo and Pan. When the theoretical distribution of gene trees was derived from the parametric estimates obtained, it closely corresponded to the empirical frequency of inferred gene trees along the genome. The most abrupt decrease of Ne was found between the ancestors of all great apes and those of the African great apes alone. This suggests the occurrence of a genetic bottleneck during the evolution of Homininae, which corroborates the origin of African apes from a Eurasian ancestor.
Molecular biology and evolution.Mol Biol Evol.2014 Jan;31(1):37-47. doi: 10.1093/molbev/mst191. Epub 2013 Oct 11.
The recent development of methods that apply coalescent theory to phylogenetic problems has enabled the study of the population-level phenomena that drove the diversification of anthropoid primates. Effective population size, Ne, is one of the main parameters that constitute the theoretical underpin
PMID 24124206

Prefrontal-parietal function: from foraging to foresight.

Genovesio A1, Wise SP2, Passingham RE3.Author information 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: aldo.genovesio@uniroma1.it.2Olschefskie Institute for the Neurobiology of Knowledge, Potomac, MD 20854, USA; Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neurosciences of Natal, Natal, Brazil.3Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.AbstractComparative neuroanatomy shows that new prefrontal areas emerged during the evolution of anthropoid primates to augment prefrontal, parietal, and temporal areas that had evolved in earlier primates. We recently proposed that the new anthropoid areas reduce foraging errors by generating goals from current contexts and learning to do so rapidly, sometimes based on single events. Among the contexts used to generate these goals, the posterior parietal cortex provides the new prefrontal areas with information about relational metrics such as order, number, duration, length, distance and proportion, which play a crucial role in foraging choices. Here we propose that this specialized network later became adapted to support the human capacity for reasoning and general problem-solving.
Trends in cognitive sciences.Trends Cogn Sci.2013 Dec 27. pii: S1364-6613(13)00271-4. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.11.007. [Epub ahead of print]
Comparative neuroanatomy shows that new prefrontal areas emerged during the evolution of anthropoid primates to augment prefrontal, parietal, and temporal areas that had evolved in earlier primates. We recently proposed that the new anthropoid areas reduce foraging errors by generating goals from cu
PMID 24378542

Japanese Journal

アイデンティティと歴史の自己教育的研究(6)エディプスコンプレクスに凝縮された個体発生と系統発生の相関性

山田正行
大阪教育大学紀要. 第4部門, 教育科学 = Memoirs of Osaka Kyoiku University 62(1), 181-193, 2013-09
… By studying plurally Oedipus Complex in psycho-historical phenomena such as filicide, castration as the Substitution, circumcision as the ritualization, rebellion of son against father, brothers' alliance, parricide, totem banquet, cannibalism that are occurred in transitional process from anthropoid apes to human beings, I present that the regret （Freud） and guilt （Erikson） after parricide is the origin of reflection, self-analysis, self-education, and by developing it in higher dimension with conscientization we can develop self-education. …
NAID 120005342934

始新世の霊長目のアダピス類における真猿亜目様適応の収斂進化(地球科学の窓)

高橋正志
地球科學 64(2), 91, 2010-03-25
NAID 110007574599

The pattern of the arterial supply of the pancreas in Anthropoid apes, catarrhine monkeys and platyrrhine monkeys

SHAWUTI Alimujiang,MIYAKI Takayoshi,SAITO Toshiyuki,ITOH Masahiro
Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica 86(3), 79-88, 2009
To get the full understanding of the arterial distribution to the pancreas, the analysis of the distribution of the variety of monkey species would be helpful. In this study, we studied the layout of …
NAID 130004495066