関: Ne

WordNet

a colorless odorless gaseous element that give a red glow in a vacuum tube; one of the six inert gasses; occurs in the air in small amounts (同)Ne, atomic number 10
(used as a combining form) recent or new; "`neo is a combining form in words like `neocolonialism"

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ネオン(気体元素;化学記号は『Ne』)
neonの化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/01 18:40:16」(JST)

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この項目では、元素について説明しています。その他の用法については「ネオン (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。

ネオン（英: neon）は原子番号10の元素である。名称はギリシャ語の'新しい'を意味する「νέος (neos)」に由来する^[5]。元素記号は Ne。

単原子分子として存在し、単体は常温常圧で無色無臭の気体。融点 -248.7 °C、沸点 -246.0 °C（ただし融点沸点とも異なる実験値あり）。密度は0.900 g/dm³ (0 °C, 1 atm)・液体時は1.21 g/cm³ (-246 °C)。空気中に18.2 ppm含まれ、希ガスとしてはアルゴンに次ぐ割合で存在する。工業的には、空気を液化・分留して作る手段が唯一事業性を持てる^[5]。磁化率 -0.334×10^-6 cm³/g。1体積の水に溶解する体積比は0.012^[6]。

ネオンの三重点（約24.5561 K）はITS-90の定義定点になっている^[1]。

歴史

ジョゼフ・ジョン・トムソンの写真乾板。右下に二つのネオン同位体（ネオン20、ネオン22）の衝突痕が見られる。

ネオンは1898年にロンドンで、イギリス人化学者ウィリアム・ラムゼー卿（1852年 - 1916年）とモーリス・トラバース（英語版）（1872年 - 1961年）が発見した^[7]。この当時、すでにヘリウムとアルゴンの存在が知られていたこと、さらに周期律が知られていたことから、その存在が確実視されていたわけだが、この発見によって周期表の空欄が1つ埋まった。発見に至った手法は液化空気の分留である。ラムゼーが、液体状になるまで冷却した大気を暖めて気化したガスをそれぞれ分留する実験を行っているとき、大気主成分（窒素・酸素・アルゴン）を取り除いた後に残る物質からクリプトン・キセノン・ネオンをそれぞれ見つけた^[8]。

1910年12月、フランスの技術者ジョルジュ・クロードがネオンガスを封入した管に放電することで、新たな照明器具を発明した。パリの政府庁舎グラン・パレで公開後、1912年には彼は仲間たちとこの放電管をネオン管として販売し始め、理髪店で最初の広告として使用された。1915年に特許を取得し「クロードネオン社」を設立^[9]。1923年、彼らがネオン管をアメリカに紹介すると、早速ロサンゼルスのパッカード自動車販売代理店にふたつの大きなネオンサインが備えられた。赤々と輝き人目を惹くネオンの広告は、他社との差別化を鮮明に映し出した^[10]。

1913年にジョゼフ・ジョン・トムソンが、陽極線（英語版）の成分分析を行っていた際、磁界や電界を通る流れを導き出し、写真乾板上に写り込んだ軌跡から偏向を計測して、ネオン原子の基本的性質の解明が始まった。写真には二本の光軌跡が見つかり、これは異なる放物線を描くネオンの偏向があることを示していた。トムソンは、これが同じネオン元素で分子量が異なるものが二種類あるために起こった現象と結論づけた^[11]。これは最初の安定的な同位体発見であり、その手法は改良され現在の質量分析法へ^[12]と発展した。

性質・用途

ネオンはガスとしてのみならず物質全体でも最も反応性に乏しい元素である^[13]。

ネオン放電管

ネオンのスペクトル。なお、可視光領域は対応する色で、紫外線（左）と赤外線（右）領域は白い線で現している。

ネオンサイン

ネオンは希ガスとしては2番目に軽く、ガイスラー管に詰め放電すると橙赤色で光るため、ネオン管の封入気体として利用される^[6]。実際は、アルゴンや水銀などの添加物を用いていろいろな色を出す。標準的な電圧と電流下において、ネオンのプラズマは希ガス中で最も激しい光を放つ。人間の目には一般に赤 - オレンジ色に見えるこの光は、実際には多くの波長から成っている。強い緑色の光線も含まれるが、これは分光しないと判断できない^[14]。ネオン管は高電圧がかかると、管内に封入されているネオンがイオン化するために、サージ電流を素早く流す性質があり、落雷の電気をアースに流し機器類を護る避雷塔にも使われる^[5]。

ネオンは窒素や酸素よりも原子番号が大きく、原子1つを比べた場合は、ネオンの方が重い。しかし、ネオンは地球の地表付近でも単原子分子として存在できるのに対し、同じ条件で窒素や酸素は多原子分子として存在する。気体は同一体積当たりの分子数がおおよそ等しいので、ネオンは地球の地表付近の空気の大部分を占める窒素分子や酸素分子よりも軽く、このため、ネオンの気球はヘリウムと比べればゆっくりであるが上昇する^[15]。

液体ネオンの気化熱は420cal/mol = 1.8kJ/molであり、極低温環境での冷媒として非常に効率が高く、経済的である^[5]^[16]。

同じ質量で気体・液体の体積比率差が大きいこともネオンの特徴である。通常の気体：液体比率が500 - 800倍なのに対しネオンは1400倍にもなる。そのため貯蔵性・輸送性に優れる。また、ネオンは窒素分子に近い密度があるため、酸素とネオンを混合して作った人工空気の中では、ほとんど音速が変化しない。よって、酸素とヘリウムの混合気のような声の変化は起こさない。この特徴を生かして大深度潜水のテクニカルダイビングや宇宙で使用されることもある^[5]。

この他にも、高エネルギー粒子の軌跡観察に使用する箱にネオンを満たすと、ネオンがイオン化して発光する。ヘリウムとの混合ガスはレーザー光の波長を揃えることが出来る（ヘリウムネオンレーザー）^[5]。

同位体

²⁰Ne、²¹Ne、²²Neの3種類の安定同位体の存在が知られている。ちなみに地球では、これらのうち²⁰Neが約9割を占めていて、²²Neが1割弱、²¹Neはごくわずかである。

詳細は「ネオンの同位体」を参照

脚注

[ヘルプ]

^ ^a ^b Preston-Thomas, H. (1990). "The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)". Metrologia 27: 3–10.
^ “Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Melting, boiling, triple, and critical temperatures of the elements”. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th edition ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. (2005).
^ “HNe”. NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2013年1月23日閲覧。
^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f 「【ネオン】」『元素111の新知識』講談社、1998年（初版1997年）、第六刷、72-74頁。ISBN 4-06-257192-7。
^ ^a ^b 「【ネオン】」『岩波理化学辞典』岩波書店、1994年、第四版第九刷、948頁。ISBN 4-00-080015-9。
^ ウィリアム・ラムゼー、モーリス・W・トラバース (1898年). "On the Companions of Argon". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 63: 437–440. doi:10.1098/rspl.1898.0057. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ “Neon: History” (英語). Softciências. 2007年2月27日閲覧。
^ 小野博之. “ネオン史余話” (日本語). 社団法人全日本ネオン協会. 2010年4月17日閲覧。
^ Mangum, Aja (2007年12月8日). “Neon: A Brief History”. New York Magazine 2008年5月20日閲覧。
^ “1-3:中性子の発見” (日本語). 九州大学粒子物理学講座. 2010年4月17日閲覧。
^ “核燃料サイクル工学実験教育テキスト (PDF)” (日本語). 財団法人エネルギー総合工学研究所. 2010年4月17日閲覧。
^ Lewars, Errol G. (2008年). Modelling Marvels. Springer. pp. 70-71. ISBN 1402069723.
^ “Plasma” (英語). 2007年3月5日閲覧。
^ Gallagher, R.; Ingram, P. (2001年). Chemistry for Higher Tier. University Press. ISBN 9780199148172.
^ “NASSMC: News Bulletin” (2005年12月30日). 2007年3月5日閲覧。

参考文献

Neon（英語）（ロスアラモス国立研究所）

History

Neon gas-discharge lamps forming the symbol for neon "Ne"

Neon (Greek νέον (néon), neuter singular form of νέος meaning "new"), was discovered in 1898 by the British chemists Sir William Ramsay (1852–1916) and Morris W. Travers (1872–1961) in London, England.^[12] Neon was discovered when Ramsay chilled a sample of air until it became a liquid, then warmed the liquid and captured the gases as they boiled off. The gases nitrogen, oxygen, and argon had been identified, but the remaining gases were isolated in roughly their order of abundance, in a six-week period beginning at the end of May 1898. First to be identified was krypton. The next, after krypton had been removed, was a gas which gave a brilliant red light under spectroscopic discharge. This gas, identified in June, was named neon, the Greek analogue of "novum", (new), the name Ramsay's son suggested.^[13] The characteristic brilliant red-orange color that is emitted by gaseous neon when excited electrically was noted immediately; Travers later wrote, "the blaze of crimson light from the tube told its own story and was a sight to dwell upon and never forget."^[14] Finally, the same team discovered xenon by the same process, in June.

Neon's scarcity precluded its prompt application for lighting along the lines of Moore tubes, which used nitrogen and which were commercialized in the early 1900s. After 1902, Georges Claude's company, Air Liquide, was producing industrial quantities of neon as a byproduct of his air liquefaction business. In December 1910 Claude demonstrated modern neon lighting based on a sealed tube of neon. Claude tried briefly to get neon tubes to be used for indoor lighting, due to their intensity, but failed, as homeowners rejected neon light sources due to their color. Finally in 1912, Claude's associate began selling neon discharge tubes as advertising signs, where they were instantly more successful as eye catchers. They were introduced to the U.S. in 1923, when two large neon signs were bought by a Los Angeles Packard car dealership. The glow and arresting red color made neon advertising completely different from the competition.^[15]

Neon played a role in the basic understanding of the nature of atoms in 1913, when J. J. Thomson, as part of his exploration into the composition of canal rays, channeled streams of neon ions through a magnetic and an electric field and measured their deflection by placing a photographic plate in their path. Thomson observed two separate patches of light on the photographic plate (see image), which suggested two different parabolas of deflection. Thomson eventually concluded that some of the atoms in the neon gas were of higher mass than the rest. Though not understood at the time by Thomson, this was the first discovery of isotopes of stable atoms. It was made by using a crude version of an instrument we now term as a mass spectrometer.

Isotopes

The first evidence for isotopes of a stable element was provided in 1913 by experiments on neon plasma. In the bottom right corner of J. J. Thomson's photographic plate are the separate impact marks for the two isotopes neon-20 and neon-22.

Neon is the second lightest inert gas. Neon has three stable isotopes: ²⁰Ne (90.48%), ²¹Ne (0.27%) and ²²Ne (9.25%). ²¹Ne and ²²Ne are partly primordial and partly nucleogenic (i.e., made by nuclear reactions of other nuclides with neutrons or other particles in the environment) and their variations in natural abundance are well understood. In contrast, ²⁰Ne (the chief primordial isotope made in stellar nucleosynthesis) is not known to be nucleogenic or radiogenic (save for cluster decay production, which is thought to produce only a small amount). The causes of the variation of ²⁰Ne in the Earth have thus been hotly debated.^[16]

The principal nuclear reactions which generate nucleogenic neon isotopes start from ²⁴Mg and ²⁵Mg, which produce ²¹Ne and ²²Ne, respectively, after neutron capture and immediate emission of an alpha particle. The neutrons that produce the reactions are mostly produced by secondary spallation reactions from alpha particles, in turn derived from uranium-series decay chains. The net result yields a trend towards lower ²⁰Ne/²²Ne and higher ²¹Ne/²²Ne ratios observed in uranium-rich rocks such as granites.^[17] Neon-21 may also be produced in a nucleogenic reaction, when ²⁰Ne absorbs a neutron from various natural terrestrial neutron sources.

In addition, isotopic analysis of exposed terrestrial rocks has demonstrated the cosmogenic (cosmic ray) production of ²¹Ne. This isotope is generated by spallation reactions on magnesium, sodium, silicon, and aluminium. By analyzing all three isotopes, the cosmogenic component can be resolved from magmatic neon and nucleogenic neon. This suggests that neon will be a useful tool in determining cosmic exposure ages of surface rocks and meteorites.^[18]

Similar to xenon, neon content observed in samples of volcanic gases is enriched in ²⁰Ne, as well as nucleogenic ²¹Ne, relative to ²²Ne content. The neon isotopic content of these mantle-derived samples represents a non-atmospheric source of neon. The ²⁰Ne-enriched components are attributed to exotic primordial rare gas components in the Earth, possibly representing solar neon. Elevated ²⁰Ne abundances are found in diamonds, further suggesting a solar neon reservoir in the Earth.^[19]

Characteristics

Neon discharge tube

Neon is the second-lightest noble gas, after helium. It glows reddish-orange in a vacuum discharge tube. Also, neon has the narrowest liquid range of any element: from 24.55 K to 27.05 K (−248.45 °C to −245.95 °C, or −415.21 °F to −410.71 °F). It has over 40 times the refrigerating capacity of liquid helium and three times that of liquid hydrogen (on a per unit volume basis).^[2] In most applications it is a less expensive refrigerant than helium.^[20]^[21]

Spectrum of neon with ultraviolet (at left) and infrared (at right) lines shown in white

Neon plasma has the most intense light discharge at normal voltages and currents of all the noble gases. The average color of this light to the human eye is red-orange due to many lines in this range; it also contains a strong green line which is hidden, unless the visual components are dispersed by a spectroscope.^[22]

Two quite different kinds of neon lighting are in common use. Neon glow lamps are generally tiny, with most operating at about 100–250 volts.^[23] They have been widely used as power-on indicators and in circuit-testing equipment, but light-emitting diodes (LEDs) now dominate in such applications. These simple neon devices were the forerunners of plasma displays and plasma television screens.^[24]^[25] Neon signs typically operate at much higher voltages (2–15 kilovolts), and the luminous tubes are commonly meters long.^[26] The glass tubing is often formed into shapes and letters for signage as well as architectural and artistic applications.

Occurrence

Stable isotopes of neon are produced in stars. ²⁰Ne is created in fusing helium and oxygen in the alpha process, which requires temperatures above 100 megakelvins and masses greater than 3 solar masses.

Neon is abundant on a universal scale; it is the fifth most abundant chemical element in the universe by mass, after hydrogen, helium, oxygen, and carbon (see chemical element). Its relative rarity on Earth, like that of helium, is due to its relative lightness, high vapor pressure at very low temperatures, and chemical inertness, all properties which tend to keep it from being trapped in the condensing gas and dust clouds which resulted in the formation of smaller and warmer solid planets like Earth.

Neon is monatomic, making it lighter than the molecules of diatomic nitrogen and oxygen which form the bulk of Earth's atmosphere; a balloon filled with neon will rise in air, albeit more slowly than a helium balloon.^[27]

Neon's abundance in the universe is about 1 part in 750 and in the Sun and presumably in the proto-solar system nebula, about 1 part in 600. The Galileo spacecraft atmospheric entry probe found that even in the upper atmosphere of Jupiter, the abundance of neon is reduced (depleted) by about a factor of 10, to a level of 1 part in 6,000 by mass. This may indicate that even the ice-planetesimals which brought neon into Jupiter from the outer solar system, formed in a region which was too warm for them to have kept their neon (abundances of heavier inert gases on Jupiter are several times that found in the Sun).^[28]

Neon is rare on Earth, found in the Earth's atmosphere at 1 part in 55,000, or 18.2 ppm by volume (this is about the same as the molecule or mole fraction), or 1 part in 79,000 of air by mass. It comprises a smaller fraction in the crust. It is industrially produced by cryogenic fractional distillation of liquefied air.^[2]

Applications

Neon signs may use neon along with other noble gases

Neon is often used in signs and produces an unmistakable bright reddish-orange light. Although still referred to as "neon", other colors are generated with different noble gases or by varied colors of fluorescent lighting.

Neon is used in vacuum tubes, high-voltage indicators, lightning arrestors, wave meter tubes, television tubes, and helium–neon lasers. Liquefied neon is commercially used as a cryogenic refrigerant in applications not requiring the lower temperature range attainable with more extreme liquid helium refrigeration.

Both neon gas and liquid neon are relatively expensive – for small quantities, the price of liquid neon can be more than 55 times that of liquid helium. The driver for neon's expense is the rarity of neon, which unlike helium, can only be obtained from air.

The triple point temperature of neon (24.5561 K) is a defining fixed point in the International Temperature Scale of 1990.^[3]

Compounds

Neon is the first p-block noble gas. Neon is generally considered to be inert. No true neutral compounds of neon are known. However, the ions Ne⁺, (NeAr)⁺, (NeH)⁺, and (HeNe⁺) have been observed from optical and mass spectrometric studies, and there are some unverified reports of an unstable hydrate.^[2]

References

^ Standard Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hammond, C.R. (2000). The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition (PDF). CRC press. p. 19. ISBN 0849304814.
^ ^a ^b Preston-Thomas, H. (1990). "The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)". Metrologia 27: 3–10. Bibcode:1990Metro..27....3P. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/27/1/002.
^ ^a ^b Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.122. ISBN 1439855110.
^ Shuen-Chen Hwang, Robert D. Lein, Daniel A. Morgan (2005). "Noble Gases". Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01.
^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
^ Ramsay, William, Travers, Morris W. (1898). "On the Companions of Argon". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 63 (1): 437–440. doi:10.1098/rspl.1898.0057.
^ "Neon: History". Softciências. Retrieved 2007-02-27.
^ Group 18 refers to the modern numbering of the periodic table. Older numberings described the rare gases as Group 0 or Group VIIIA (sometimes shortened to 8). See also Group (periodic table).
^ Coyle, Harold P. (2001). Project STAR: The Universe in Your Hands. Kendall Hunt. p. 464. ISBN 978-0-7872-6763-6.
^ Kohmoto, Kohtaro (1999). "Phosphors for lamps". In Shionoya, Shigeo; Yen, William M. Phosphor Handbook. CRC Press. p. 940. ISBN 978-0-8493-7560-6.
^ Ramsay, William, Travers, Morris W. (1898). "On the Companions of Argon". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 63 (1): 437–440. doi:10.1098/rspl.1898.0057.
^ "Neon: History". Softciências. Retrieved 2007-02-27.
^ Weeks, Mary Elvira (2003). Discovery of the Elements: Third Edition (reprint). Kessinger Publishing. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-7661-3872-8.
^ Mangum, Aja (December 8, 2007). "Neon: A Brief History". New York Magazine. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
^ Dickin, Alan P (2005). "Neon". Radiogenic isotope geology. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-521-82316-6.
^ Resources on Isotopes. Periodic Table—Neon. explanation of the nucleogenic sources of Ne-21 and Ne-22. USGS.gov
^ "Neon: Isotopes". Softciências. Retrieved 2007-02-27.
^ Anderson, Don L. "Helium, Neon & Argon". Mantleplumes.org. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
^ "NASSMC: News Bulletin". December 30, 2005. Retrieved 2007-03-05. ^{[dead link]}
^ Mukhopadhyay, Mamata (2012). Fundamentals of Cryogenic Engineering. p. 195. ISBN 9788120330573.
^ "Plasma". Retrieved 2007-03-05.
^ Baumann, Edward (1966). Applications of Neon Lamps and Gas Discharge Tubes. Carlton Press.
^ Myers, Robert L. (2002). Display interfaces: fundamentals and standards. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 69–71. ISBN 978-0-471-49946-6. Plasma displays are closely related to the simple neon lamp.
^ Weber, Larry F. (April 2006). "History of the plasma display panel". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 34 (2): 268–278. Bibcode:2006ITPS...34..268W. doi:10.1109/TPS.2006.872440. Paid access.
^ "ANSI Luminous Tube Footage Chart" (PDF). American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Retrieved 2010-12-10. Reproduction of a chart in the catalog of a lighting company in Toronto; the original ANSI specification is not given.
^ Gallagher, R.; Ingram, P. (2001-07-19). Chemistry for Higher Tier. University Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-19-914817-2.
^ Morse, David (January 26, 1996). "Galileo Probe Science Result". Galileo Project. Retrieved 2007-02-27.

External links

Neon at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
WebElements.com – Neon.
It's Elemental – Neon
USGS Periodic Table – Neon
Atomic Spectrum of Neon
Neon Museum, Las Vegas

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Electronic Spectra and Reversible Photoisomerization of Protonated Naphthalenes in Solid Neon.

Garkusha I, Nagy A, Fulara J, Rode MF, Sobolewski AL, Maier JP.SourceDepartment of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
The journal of physical chemistry. A.J Phys Chem A.2013 Jan 4. [Epub ahead of print]
Alpha- and beta-protonated naphthalenes (α- and β-HN(+)) were investigated by electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies in 6 K neon matrixes using a mass-selected C(10)H(9)(+) ion beam. The absorption spectra reveal S(1)/S(2) ← S(0) transitions with onsets at 502.1 and 396.1 nm for �
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Relieved residual damage in the hematopoietic system of mice rescued by radiation-induced adaptive response (Yonezawa Effect).

Wang B, Tanaka K, Ninomiya Y, Maruyama K, Varès G, Eguchi-Kasai K, Nenoi M.SourceRadiation Risk Reduction Research Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
Journal of radiation research.J Radiat Res.2013 Jan 1;54(1):45-51. doi: 10.1093/jrr/rrs077. Epub 2012 Aug 24.
Existence of adaptive response (AR) was previously demonstrated in C57BL/6J mice. Irradiations were performed by delivering a priming low dose of X-rays (0.50 Gy) in combination with a challenge high dose of accelerated carbon or neon ion particles. AR was characterized by significantly decreased mo
PMID 22923746

The effect of He-Ne and Ga-Al-As laser light on the healing of hard palate mucosa of mice.

Fahimipour F, Mahdian M, Houshmand B, Asnaashari M, Sadrabadi AN, Farashah SE, Mousavifard SM, Khojasteh A.SourceIran Center for Dental Research, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Lasers in medical science.Lasers Med Sci.2013 Jan;28(1):93-100. doi: 10.1007/s10103-012-1060-0. Epub 2012 Mar 14.
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been used to accelerate wound healing, yet questions remain concerning its therapeutic applications. This study aimed to compare the healing efficacy of helium-neon (He-Ne) red light (laser) and gallium aluminum arsenide (Ga-Al-As) infrared lasers at two different
PMID 22415572

Infrared Spectra of Products of the Reaction of H Atoms with O(2) Trapped in Solid Neon: HO(2), HO(2)(+), HOHOH(-), and H(2)O(HO).

Jacox ME, Thompson WE.SourceSensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8441, United States.
The journal of physical chemistry. A.J Phys Chem A.2012 Dec 24. [Epub ahead of print]
When a Ne/O(2) mixture is codeposited at 4.3 K with a Ne/H(2) mixture that has been passed through a microwave discharge, the infrared spectrum of the resulting deposit includes prominent absorptions of the three vibrational fundamentals of HO(2) and seven relatively weak absorptions in the infrared
PMID 23215001

Japanese Journal

Perturber Dependence of Disalignment Cross Sections of the Argon 2p2 Atoms Measured at Temperatures between 77 and 295 K

Matsukuma Hiraku,Tanaka Hirotaka,Takaie Yukihiro,Shikama Taiichi,Bahrim Cristian,Hasuo Masahiro
J Phys Soc Jpn 81(11), 114302-114302, 2012-11-15
… In a temperature controlled glow gaseous discharge of pure argon, or a mixture of argon and helium or neon at 77, 135, 190, 240, and 295 K, a linearly polarized laser pulse produces polarized argon atoms on the 2p2 (in Paschen notation) level from the 1s3 level. …
NAID 150000103566

Explosive Nucleosynthesis in Magnetohydrodynamical Jets from Collapsars. II : Heavy-Element Nucleosynthesis of s, p, r-Processes(Astrophysics and Cosmology)

ONO Masaomi,HASHIMOTO Masa-aki,FUJIMOTO Shin-ichiro,KOTAKE Kei,YAMADA Shoichi
Progress of theoretical physics 128(4), 741-765, 2012-10-25
… 50) are overproduced via the p-process because of the low peak temperatures in the oxygen- and neon-rich layers. …
NAID 110009543648

Shell-Model Approaches to the Structure of Light Nuclei(YKIS2011 papers,Frontier Issues in Physics of Exotic Nuclei)

BROWN B. Alex
Supplement of the Progress of theoretical physics (196), 296-303, 2012-10-22
… Recent applications related to the location and importance of 1p0f configurations in the neutron-rich oxygen, fluorine and neon isotopes are shown. …
NAID 110009543687

Characteristic of lipids and fatty acid compositions of the neon flying squid, Ommastrephes bartramii

SAITO Hiroaki,ISHIKAWA Satoru
Journal of Oleo Science 61(10), 547-564, 2012-10
NAID 40019417131

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リンク元	「Ne」
拡張検索	「alloimmune neonatal neutropenia」
関連記事	「neo」

「Ne」

Neon, ₁₀Ne
	Spectral lines of neon in the visible region
General properties
Name, symbol	neon, Ne
Pronunciation	/ˈniːɒn/
Appearance	colorless gas exhibiting an orange-red glow when placed in a high voltage electric field
Neon in the periodic table
	fluorine ← neon → sodium
Atomic number	10
Standard atomic weight (±)	20.1797(6)
Element category	noble gas
Group, block	group 18 (noble gases), p-block
Period	period 2
Electron configuration	[He] 2s2 2p6
per shell	2, 8
Physical properties
Phase	gas
Melting point	24.56 K (−248.59 °C, −415.46 °F)
Boiling point	27.104 K (−246.046 °C, −410.883 °F)
Density at stp (0 °C and 101.325 kPa)	0.9002 g·L−1
when liquid, at b.p.	1.207 g·cm−3
Triple point	24.556 K, 43.37 kPa
Critical point	44.4918 K, 2.7686 MPa
Heat of fusion	0.335 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	1.71 kJ·mol−1
Molar heat capacity	20.79 J·mol−1·K−1
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	0
Ionization energies	1st: 2080.7 kJ·mol−1; 2nd: 3952.3 kJ·mol−1; 3rd: 6122 kJ·mol−1; (more)
Covalent radius	58 pm
Van der Waals radius	154 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	face-centered cubic (fcc)
Speed of sound	435 m·s−1 (gas, at 0 °C)
Thermal conductivity	49.1×10−3 W·m−1·K−1
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Bulk modulus	654 GPa
CAS Registry Number	7440-01-9
History
Prediction	William Ramsay (1897)
Discovery and first isolation	William Ramsay & Morris Travers (1898)
Most stable isotopes
	Main article: Isotopes of neon
	view; talk; edit; · references

外見
	無色の気体に高電圧をかけると赤橙色に発光する。; ; ; ネオンのスペクトル
一般特性
名称, 記号, 番号	ネオン, Ne, 10
分類	希ガス
族, 周期, ブロック	18, 2, p
原子量	20.1797(6)
電子配置	1s2 2s2 2p6
電子殻	2, 8（画像）
物理特性
相	気体
密度	(0 °C, 101.325 kPa); 0.9002 g/L
融点	24.56 K, -248.59 °C, -415.46 °F
沸点	27.07 K, -246.08 °C, -410.94 °F
三重点	24.5561 K (-249°C), 43 kPa
臨界点	44.4 K, 2.76 MPa
融解熱	0.335 kJ·mol-1
蒸発熱	1.71 kJ·mol-1
熱容量	(25 °C) 5R/2 = 20.786 J·mol-1·K-1
蒸気圧
原子特性
酸化数	1, 0
イオン化エネルギー; （詳細）	第1： 2080.7 kJ·mol-1
	第2： 3952.3 kJ·mol-1
	第3： 6122 kJ·mol-1
共有結合半径	58 pm
ファンデルワールス半径	154 pm
その他
結晶構造	face-centered cubic
磁性	反磁性
熱伝導率	(300 K) 49.1x10-3 W·m-1·K-1
音の伝わる速さ	(gas, 0 °C) 435 m/s
体積弾性率	654 GPa
CAS登録番号	7440-01-9
最安定同位体
	詳細はネオンの同位体を参照
	表示

　　[★]

ネオン

関: neon

「alloimmune neonatal neutropenia」

　　[★] 新生児同種免疫性好中球減少症 ANN

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[ITS90-1] Preston-Thomas, H. (1990). "The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)". Metrologia 27: 3–10.

[2] “Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Melting, boiling, triple, and critical temperatures of the elements”. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th edition ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. (2005).

[3] “HNe”. NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2013年1月23日閲覧。

[4] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.

[genso-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f 「【ネオン】」『元素111の新知識』講談社、1998年（初版1997年）、第六刷、72-74頁。ISBN 4-06-257192-7。

[rikagaku-6] 「【ネオン】」『岩波理化学辞典』岩波書店、1994年、第四版第九刷、948頁。ISBN 4-00-080015-9。

[7] ウィリアム・ラムゼー、モーリス・W・トラバース (1898年). "On the Companions of Argon". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 63: 437–440. doi:10.1098/rspl.1898.0057. Check date values in: |date= (help)

[8] “Neon: History” (英語). Softciências. 2007年2月27日閲覧。

[9] 小野博之. “ネオン史余話” (日本語). 社団法人全日本ネオン協会. 2010年4月17日閲覧。

[10] Mangum, Aja (2007年12月8日). “Neon: A Brief History”. New York Magazine 2008年5月20日閲覧。

[11] “1-3:中性子の発見” (日本語). 九州大学粒子物理学講座. 2010年4月17日閲覧。

[12] “核燃料サイクル工学実験教育テキスト (PDF)” (日本語). 財団法人エネルギー総合工学研究所. 2010年4月17日閲覧。

[inert-13] Lewars, Errol G. (2008年). Modelling Marvels. Springer. pp. 70-71. ISBN 1402069723.

[14] “Plasma” (英語). 2007年3月5日閲覧。

[15] Gallagher, R.; Ingram, P. (2001年). Chemistry for Higher Tier. University Press. ISBN 9780199148172.

[16] “NASSMC: News Bulletin” (2005年12月30日). 2007年3月5日閲覧。

[IUPAC-1] Standard Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights

[CRC-2] Hammond, C.R. (2000). The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition (PDF). CRC press. p. 19. ISBN 0849304814.

[ITS90-3] Preston-Thomas, H. (1990). "The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)". Metrologia 27: 3–10. Bibcode:1990Metro..27....3P. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/27/1/002.

[b92-4] Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.122. ISBN 1439855110.

[5] Shuen-Chen Hwang, Robert D. Lein, Daniel A. Morgan (2005). "Noble Gases". Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01.

[6] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[7] Ramsay, William, Travers, Morris W. (1898). "On the Companions of Argon". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 63 (1): 437–440. doi:10.1098/rspl.1898.0057.

[8] "Neon: History". Softciências. Retrieved 2007-02-27.

[9] Group 18 refers to the modern numbering of the periodic table. Older numberings described the rare gases as Group 0 or Group VIIIA (sometimes shortened to 8). See also Group (periodic table).

[10] Coyle, Harold P. (2001). Project STAR: The Universe in Your Hands. Kendall Hunt. p. 464. ISBN 978-0-7872-6763-6.

[11] Kohmoto, Kohtaro (1999). "Phosphors for lamps". In Shionoya, Shigeo; Yen, William M. Phosphor Handbook. CRC Press. p. 940. ISBN 978-0-8493-7560-6.

[12] Ramsay, William, Travers, Morris W. (1898). "On the Companions of Argon". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 63 (1): 437–440. doi:10.1098/rspl.1898.0057.

[13] "Neon: History". Softciências. Retrieved 2007-02-27.

[14] Weeks, Mary Elvira (2003). Discovery of the Elements: Third Edition (reprint). Kessinger Publishing. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-7661-3872-8.

[15] Mangum, Aja (December 8, 2007). "Neon: A Brief History". New York Magazine. Retrieved 2008-05-20.

[16] Dickin, Alan P (2005). "Neon". Radiogenic isotope geology. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-521-82316-6.

[17] Resources on Isotopes. Periodic Table—Neon. explanation of the nucleogenic sources of Ne-21 and Ne-22. USGS.gov

[18] "Neon: Isotopes". Softciências. Retrieved 2007-02-27.

[19] Anderson, Don L. "Helium, Neon & Argon". Mantleplumes.org. Retrieved 2006-07-02.

[20] "NASSMC: News Bulletin". December 30, 2005. Retrieved 2007-03-05. ^{[dead link]}

[21] Mukhopadhyay, Mamata (2012). Fundamentals of Cryogenic Engineering. p. 195. ISBN 9788120330573.

[22] "Plasma". Retrieved 2007-03-05.

[Baumann-23] Baumann, Edward (1966). Applications of Neon Lamps and Gas Discharge Tubes. Carlton Press.

[Myers-24] Myers, Robert L. (2002). Display interfaces: fundamentals and standards. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 69–71. ISBN 978-0-471-49946-6. Plasma displays are closely related to the simple neon lamp.

[Weber-25] Weber, Larry F. (April 2006). "History of the plasma display panel". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 34 (2): 268–278. Bibcode:2006ITPS...34..268W. doi:10.1109/TPS.2006.872440. Paid access.

[26] "ANSI Luminous Tube Footage Chart" (PDF). American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Retrieved 2010-12-10. Reproduction of a chart in the catalog of a lighting company in Toronto; the original ANSI specification is not given.

[27] Gallagher, R.; Ingram, P. (2001-07-19). Chemistry for Higher Tier. University Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-19-914817-2.

[28] Morse, David (January 26, 1996). "Galileo Probe Science Result". Galileo Project. Retrieved 2007-02-27.

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