関: anthropoid、Anthropoidea、monkey

WordNet

any member of the suborder Anthropoidea including monkeys and apes and hominids
resembling human beings (同)manlike
person who resembles a nonhuman primate (同)ape
resembling apes (同)anthropoidal, apelike
any of various long-tailed primates (excluding the prosimians)
monkeys; apes; hominids (同)suborder Anthropoidea

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/09 11:35:01」(JST)

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Haplorhini (the haplorhines or the "dry-nosed" primates, the Greek name means "simple-nosed") is a clade containing the tarsiers and the simians (or anthropoids). The simians include catarrhines (Old World monkeys and apes [including humans]), and the platyrrhines (New World monkeys).

The extinct omomyids, which are considered to be the most basal haplorhines, are believed to be more closely related to the tarsiers than to other haplorhines.

Haplorhines share a number of derived features that distinguish them from the strepsirrhine "wet-nosed" primates (whose Greek name means "curved nose"), the other suborder of primates from which they diverged some 63 million years ago. The haplorhines, including tarsiers, have all lost the function of the terminal enzyme that manufactures vitamin C, while the strepsirrhines, like most other orders of mammals, have retained this enzyme and the ability to manufacture vitamin C.^[2] The haplorhine upper lip, which has replaced the ancestral rhinarium found in strepsirrhines, is not directly connected to their nose or gum, allowing a large range of facial expressions. Their brain to body ratio is significantly greater than the strepsirrhines, and their primary sense is vision. Haplorhines have a postorbital plate, unlike the postorbital bar found in strepsirrhines. Most species are diurnal (the exceptions being the tarsiers and the night monkeys).

All anthropoids have a single-chambered uterus; tarsiers have a bicornate uterus like the strepsirrhines. Most species typically have single births, although twins and triplets are common for marmosets and tamarins. Despite similar gestation periods, haplorhine newborns are relatively much larger than strepsirrhine newborns, but have a longer dependence period on their mother. This difference in size and dependence is credited to the increased complexity of their behavior and natural history.

Etymology

The taxonomic name Haplorhini derives from the Ancient Greek haploûs (ἁπλούς, "onefold, single, simple") and rhinos (ῥινός, "nose"). It refers to the lack of a rhinarium or "wet nose", which is found in many mammals, including strepsirrhine primates.^[3]

Classification and evolution

Haplorhini and its sister clade, Strepsirrhini, diverged about 65 million years ago (mya). Approximately 5 million years later (60 mya), only a short time afterward from an evolutionary perspective, the infraorder Tarsiiformes, whose only remaining family is that of the tarsier (Tarsiidae), branched off from the other haplorhines^{[citation needed]}. The fossil Archicebus may be similar to the most recent common ancestor at this time.

The other major clade within Haplorhini, the simians (or anthropoids), is divided into two parvorders: Platyrrhini (the New World monkeys) and Catarrhini (the Old World monkeys and apes). The New World monkeys split from catarrhines about 40 mya, while the apes (Hominoidea) diverged from Old World monkeys (Cercopithecoidea) about 25 mya. The available fossil evidence indicates that both the hominoid and cercopithecoid clades originated in Africa.^{[citation needed]}

The following is the listing of the living haplorhine families, and their placement in the Order Primates:^[1]^[4]

ORDER PRIMATES
- Suborder Strepsirrhini: lemurs, lorises, etc.
- Suborder Haplorhini: tarsiers, monkeys, apes
  - Infraorder Tarsiiformes
    - Family Tarsiidae: tarsiers
  - Infraorder Simiiformes: monkeys, apes
    - Parvorder Platyrrhini: New World monkeys
      - Family Callitrichidae: marmosets, tamarins
      - Family Cebidae: capuchins, squirrel monkeys
      - Family Aotidae: night or owl monkeys (douroucoulis)
      - Family Pitheciidae: titis, sakis, uakaris
      - Family Atelidae: howler, spider, and woolly monkeys
    - Parvorder Catarrhini Old World anthropoids
      - Superfamily Cercopithecoidea: Old World monkeys
        
        Family Cercopithecidae
      - Superfamily Hominoidea: apes
        
        Family Hylobatidae: lesser apes (gibbons)
        
        Family Hominidae: great apes and humans

References

^ ^a ^b Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 127–184. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
^ Pollock, J. I.; Mullin, R. J. (1987). "Vitamin C biosynthesis in prosimians: Evidence for the anthropoid affinity of Tarsius". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 73 (1): 65–70. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330730106. PMID 3113259.
^ Ankel-Simons 2007, pp. 394–395.
^ Rylands AB and Mittermeier RA (2009). "The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB. South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6.

Literature cited

Ankel-Simons, F. (2007). Primate Anatomy (3rd ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-372576-9.
Primate Taxonomy (Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001), Colin Groves (ISBN 1-56098-872-X)
Primates in Question (Smithsonian Institution Press, 2003), Robert W. Shumaker & Benjamin B. Beck (ISBN 1-58834-176-3)
Neotropical Primates 10(3)

English Journal

Biosafety evidence for human dedifferentiated adipocytes.

Poloni A1, Maurizi G, Mattiucci D, Busilacchi E, Mancini S, Discepoli G, Amici A, Falconi M, Cinti S, Leoni P.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2015 Jul;230(7):1525-33. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24898.
Mature adipocytes have shown dynamic plasticity to be converted into fibroblast-like and lipid-free cells. After the dedifferentiation process, these cells re-entered the cell cycle and acquired a high proliferation potential, becoming a valid source of stem cells. However, many aspects of the cellu
PMID 25641257

Quantifying heterogeneity and dynamics of clonal fitness in response to perturbation.

Frick PL1, Paudel BB, Tyson DR, Quaranta V.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2015 Jul;230(7):1403-12. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24888.
The dynamics of heterogeneous clonal lineages within a cell population, in aggregate, shape both normal and pathological biological processes. Studies of clonality typically relate the fitness of clones to their relative abundance, thus requiring long-term experiments and limiting conclusions about
PMID 25600161

TGF-β1 up-regulates connexin43 expression: a potential mechanism for human trophoblast cell differentiation.

Cheng JC1, Chang HM, Fang L, Sun YP, Leung PC.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2015 Jul;230(7):1558-66. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24902.
Connexin43 (Cx43)-mediated gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) are required for human trophoblast differentiation. To date, whether Cx43 mediates TGF-β1-induced trophoblast differentiation has not been determined. We showed that treatment with TGF-β1 increased Cx43 expression and GJI
PMID 25560303

Japanese Journal

Infanticide by a male spectral tarsier (Tarsius spectrum)

Gursky-Doyen Sharon
Primates : journal of primatology 52(4), 385-389, 2011-10-01
NAID 10030467144

Related Pictures

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リンク元	「真猿亜目」「直鼻猿亜目」「anthropoid」「monkey」「真猿」

「真猿亜目」

Haplorhines; Temporal range: Late Paleocene – Holocene
	Common squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini; Pocock, 1918
Infraorders
	Simiiformes (monkeys & apes); Tarsiiformes (tarsiers);

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ラ: Anthropoidea、Haplorhini
関: サル、類人猿、直鼻猿亜目、真猿類、真猿

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ラ: Haplorhini
関: サル、類人猿、真猿亜目、真猿類、真猿

「anthropoid」

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関: Anthropoidea、ape、Haplorhini、monkey

「monkey」

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関: anthropoid、Anthropoidea、Haplorhini、simian

「真猿」

　　[★]

ラ: Haplorhini
関: 真猿亜目、直鼻猿亜目、真猿類

[msw3-1] Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 127–184. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.

[2] Pollock, J. I.; Mullin, R. J. (1987). "Vitamin C biosynthesis in prosimians: Evidence for the anthropoid affinity of Tarsius". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 73 (1): 65–70. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330730106. PMID 3113259.

[FOOTNOTEAnkel-Simons2007394.E2.80.93395-3] Ankel-Simons 2007, pp. 394–395.

[SAP-4] Rylands AB and Mittermeier RA (2009). "The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB. South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6.

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Haplorhini