関: D-aspartate

WordNet

street name for lysergic acid diethylamide (同)back breaker, battery-acid, dose, dot, Elvis, loony toons, Lucy in the sky with diamonds, pane, superman, window pane, Zen
any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt
having the characteristics of an acid; "an acid reaction"
the 4th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)d

PrepTutorEJDIC

酸性の / 酸味のある,すっぱい(sour) / (言葉・態度などが)厳しい,しんらつな / 酸 / すっぱいもの / 《俗》=LSD
deuteriumの化学記号
(おもに人称代名詞・固有名詞(人名),thereの後で)had, wouldの短縮形 / (疑問文でwhere,what,whenの後で)didの短縮形;Where'd he go?=Where did he go?

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/04/07 05:10:24」(JST)

wiki en

Aspartic acid (symbol Asp or D;^[3] encoded by the codons [GAU and GAC]), also known as aspartate, is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.^[4] Similar to all other amino acids it contains an amino group and a carboxylic acid. Its α-amino group is in the protonated –NH⁺
₃ form under physiological conditions, while its α-carboxylic acid group is deprotonated −COO⁻ under physiological conditions. Aspartic acid has an acidic side chain (CH₂COOH) which reacts with other amino acids, enzymes and proteins in the body.^[4] Under physiological conditions (pH 7.4) in proteins the side chain usually occurs as the negatively charged aspartate form, −COO⁻ .^[4] It is a non-essential amino acid in humans, meaning the body can synthesize it as needed.

D-Aspartate is one of two D-amino acids commonly found in mammals.^[3].

In proteins aspartate sidechains are often hydrogen bonded to form asx turns or asx motifs, which frequently occur at the N-termini of alpha helices.

Asp's L-isomer is one of the 22 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins. Asp (and glutamic acid) is classified as acidic, with a pK_a of 3.9, however in a peptide this is highly dependent on the local environment (as with all amino acids), and could be as high as 14. Asp is pervasive in biosynthesis.

1 Discovery
2 Forms and nomenclature
3 Biosynthesis
- 3.1 Chemical synthesis
4 Metabolism
5 Participation in the urea cycle
6 Other biochemical roles
- 6.1 Interactive pathway map
- 6.2 Neurotransmitter
7 Applications & market
- 7.1 Superabsorbent polymers
- 7.2 Additional uses
8 Sources
- 8.1 Dietary sources
9 See also
10 References
11 External links

Discovery

Aspartic acid was first discovered in 1827 by Auguste-Arthur Plisson and Étienne Ossian Henry^[5] by hydrolysis of asparagine, which had been isolated from asparagus juice in 1806.^[6] Their original method used lead hydroxide, but various other acids or bases are more commonly used instead.

Forms and nomenclature

There are two forms or enantiomers of aspartic acid. The name "aspartic acid" can refer to either enantiomer or a mixture of two.^[7] Of these two forms, only one, "L-aspartic acid", is directly incorporated into proteins. The biological roles of its counterpart, "D-aspartic acid" are more limited. Where enzymatic synthesis will produce one or the other, most chemical syntheses will produce both forms, "DL-aspartic acid," known as a racemic mixture.

Biosynthesis

Because Aspartate can be synthesized by the body it is classified as a non-essential amino acid. In the human body, aspartate is most frequently synthesized through the transamination of oxaloacetate. The biosynthesis of aspartate is facilitated by an aminotransferase enzyme: the transfer of an amine group from another molecule such as alanine or glutamine yields aspartate and an alpha-keto acid.^[4]

Aspartate is also a byproduct of the urea cycle.

Chemical synthesis

Racemic aspartic acid can be synthesized from diethyl sodium phthalimidomalonate, (C₆H₄(CO)₂NC(CO₂Et)₂).^[8]

The major disadvantage of the above technique is that equimolar amounts of each enantiomer are made. Using biotechnology it is now possible to use immobilised enzymes to create just one type of enantiomer owing to their stereospecificity.

Metabolism

In plants and microorganisms, aspartate is the precursor to several amino acids, including four that are essential for humans: methionine, threonine, isoleucine, and lysine. The conversion of aspartate to these other amino acids begins with reduction of aspartate to its "semialdehyde," O₂CCH(NH₂)CH₂CHO.^[9] Asparagine is derived from aspartate via transamidation:

-O₂CCH(NH₂)CH₂CO₂- + GC(O)NH₃+ O₂CCH(NH₂)CH₂CONH₃+ + GC(O)O

(where GC(O)NH₂ and GC(O)OH are glutamine and glutamic acid, respectively)

Participation in the urea cycle

In the urea cycle, aspartate and ammonia donate amino groups leading to the formation of urea.

Other biochemical roles

Aspartate has many other biochemical roles. It is a metabolite in the urea cycle and participates in gluconeogenesis. It carries reducing equivalents in the malate-aspartate shuttle, which utilizes the ready interconversion of aspartate and oxaloacetate, which is the oxidized (dehydrogenated) derivative of malic acid. Aspartate donates one nitrogen atom in the biosynthesis of inosine, the precursor to the purine bases. In addition, aspartic acid acts as hydrogen acceptor in a chain of ATP synthase.

Interactive pathway map

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. ^{[§ 1]}

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|{{{bSize}}}px|alt=Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis edit]]

Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis edit

^ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534".

Neurotransmitter

Aspartate (the conjugate base of aspartic acid) stimulates NMDA receptors, though not as strongly as the amino acid neurotransmitter L-glutamate does.^[10]

Applications & market

As of 2014, the global market for aspartic acid is $117MM annually (50-60K MT/Yr)^[11] with potential areas of growth accounting for an addressable market^{[clarification needed]} of $8.78BB.^[12] The three largest market segments include the U.S., Western Europe, and China. Current applications include biodegradable polymers (polyaspartic acid), low calorie sweeteners (aspartame), scale and corrosion inhibitors, and resins.

Nearly all aspartic acid is manufactured in China.

Superabsorbent polymers

One area of aspartic acid market growth is biodegradable superabsorbent polymers (SAP).^{[improper synthesis?]} The superabsorbent polymers market is anticipated to grow at a CAGR^{[clarification needed]} of 5.5% from 2014 to 2019 to reach a value of $8.78BB globally.^[12] Around 75% of superabsorbent polymers are used in disposable diapers and an additional 20% is used for adult incontinence and feminine hygiene products. Polyaspartic acid, the polymerization product of aspartic acid, is a biodegradable substitute to polyacrylate.^[13] The polyaspartate market comprises a small fraction (est. < 1%) of the total SAP market.

Additional uses

In addition to SAP, aspartic acid has applications in the $19B fertilizer industry, where polyaspartate improves water retention and nitrogen uptake;^[14] the $1.1B (2020) concrete floor coatings market, where polyaspartic is a low VOC, low energy alternative to traditional epoxy resins;^[15] and lastly the >$5B scale and corrosion inhibitors market.^[16]

Sources

Dietary sources

Aspartic acid is not an essential amino acid, which means that it can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans. However, aspartic acid is found in:

Animal sources: oysters, luncheon meats, sausage meat, wild game
Vegetable sources: sprouting seeds, oat flakes, avocado,^[17] asparagus,^[18] young sugarcane, and molasses from sugar beets.^[1]
Dietary supplements, either as aspartic acid itself or salts (such as magnesium aspartate)
The sweetener aspartame, an aspartic acid, phenylalanine, formaldehyde trimer (brands: NutraSweet, Equal, Canderel, etc.)

References

^ ^a ^b "862. Aspartic acid". The Merck Index (11th ed.). 1989. p. 132. ISBN 0-911910-28-X.
^ "ICSC 1439 - L-ASPARTIC ACID". inchem.org.
^ "Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides". IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. 1983. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d G.,, Voet, Judith; W.,, Pratt, Charlotte. Fundamentals of biochemistry : life at the molecular level. ISBN 9781118918401. OCLC 910538334.
^ Berzelius JJ, Öngren OG (1839). Traité de chimie (in French). 3. Brussels: A. Wahlen et Cie. p. 81. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
^ Plimmer R (1912) [1908]. Plimmer R, Hopkins F, eds. The chemical composition of the proteins. Monographs on Biochemistry. Part I. Analysis (2nd ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co. p. 112. Retrieved January 18, 2010.
^ "Nomenclature and symbolism for amino acids and peptides (IUPAC-IUB Recommendations 1983)", Pure Appl. Chem., 56 (5): 595–624, 1984, doi:10.1351/pac198456050595 .
^ Dunn MS, Smart BW (1950). "DL-Aspartic Acid". Organic Syntheses. 30: 7. ; Collective Volume, 4, p. 55 .
^ Lehninger AL, Nelson DL, Cox MM (2000). Principles of Biochemistry (3rd ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 1-57259-153-6.
^ Chen PE, Geballe MT, Stansfeld PJ, Johnston AR, Yuan H, Jacob AL, Snyder JP, Traynelis SF, Wyllie DJ (May 2005). "Structural features of the glutamate binding site in recombinant NR1/NR2A N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors determined by site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling". Molecular Pharmacology. 67 (5): 1470–84. doi:10.1124/mol.104.008185. PMID 15703381.
^ Evans J (2014). Commercial Amino Acids. BCC Research. pp. 101–103.
^ ^a ^b Transparency Market Research. Superabsorbent polymers market - global industry analysis, size, share, growth, trends and forecase, 2014-2020. (2014).
^ Alford DD, Wheeler AP, Pettigrew CA (1994). "Biodegradation of thermally synthesized polyaspartate". J Environ Polym Degr. 2: 225–236.
^ Kelling K (2001). Crop Responses to Amisorb in the North Central Region. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
^ Global concrete floor coatings market will be worth US$1.1 bn by 2020. Transparency Market Research (2015).
^ Corrosion inhibitors market analysis by product, by application, by end-use industry, and segment forecasts to 2020. Grand View Research (2014)
^ Salunkhe DK, Kadam S (18 August 1995). Handbook of Fruit Science and Technology: Production, Composition, Storage, and Processing. CRC Press. pp. 368–. ISBN 978-0-8247-9643-3.
^ Considine DM (6 December 2012). Foods and Food Production Encyclopedia. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 114–. ISBN 978-1-4684-8511-0.

External links

GMD MS Spectrum
American Chemical Society (21 April 2010). "Ancestral Eve' Crystal May Explain Origin of Life's Left-Handedness". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 23 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-21.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 糖尿病におけるインスリン療法の一般原則general principles of insulin therapy in diabetes mellitus [show details]
…an example, insulin aspart is identical to human regular insulin except for a substitution of aspartic acid for proline at position B28. This substitution results in a reduction in hexamer formation and…
2. 成人における肝性脳症：治療hepatic encephalopathy in adults treatment [show details]
…commonly. Oral L-ornithine-L-aspartate (LOLA) is frequently given to patients with hepatic encephalopathy outside of the United States . Treatment with L-ornithine-L-aspartate has shown benefit compared …
3. アスパルトアシラーゼ欠乏症（カナバン病）aspartoacylase deficiency canavan disease [show details]
…suggestion is that a reduction in aspartic acid as a result of aspartoacylase deficiency adversely impacts the recycling of aspartate for NAA synthesis and the availability of aspartate for intercellular signaling …
4. アルコール性肝炎：臨床症状および診断alcoholic hepatitis clinical manifestations and diagnosis [show details]
…months or more, with less than 60 days of abstinence before the onset of jaundice; aspartate aminotransferase >50, aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase >1.5-fold, and both values <400 International …
5. 成人の統合失調症：疫学および病因schizophrenia in adults epidemiology and pathogenesis [show details]
…schizophrenia . Glutamate is the major CNS excitatory neurotransmitter. Hypofunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor has been hypothesized to contribute to the pathology of schizophrenia…

English Journal

Retinal neuronal cell loss prevents abnormal retinal vascular growth in a rat model of retinopathy of prematurity.

Nakano A1, Asano D1, Kondo R1, Mori A1, Arima S2, Ushikubo H1, Sakamoto K1, Nagamitsu T2, Ishii K1, Nakahara T3.
Experimental eye research.Exp Eye Res.2018 Jan 12. pii: S0014-4835(17)30122-7. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.12.007. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID 29339088

Influences of conformations of peptides on stereoinversions and/or isomerizations of aspartic acid residues.

Oda A1, Nakayoshi T2, Fukuyoshi S3, Kurimoto E4, Takahashi O5.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2018 Jan 11. pii: S1570-9639(18)30007-4. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.01.006. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID 29331333

Effects of medial prefrontal cortex 5-HT7 receptor knockdown on cognitive control after acute heroin administration.

Zhong H1, Dang J1, Huo Z2, Ma Z1, Chen J1, Huang Y3, Zhu Y4, Li M5.
Brain research.Brain Res.2018 Jan 1;1678:419-431. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.11.002. Epub 2017 Nov 16.
PMID 29155092

Japanese Journal

統合失調症のキヌレン酸仮説

日本生物学的精神医学会誌 26(4), 223-234, 2015
NAID 130005395623

Protective Effects of Everolimus against <i>N</i>-Methyl-D-aspartic Acid-Induced Retinal Damage in Rats

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 38(11), 1765-1771, 2015
NAID 130005106375

食品中のD-アミノ酸 : 存在、生成機構、機能(<特集3>第37回学術講演会シンポジウム「キラリティから見た新しい生命科学の展開」より)

Viva origino 40(1-4), 47-56, 2014-04-10
NAID 110009809197

「D-aspartate」

Aspartic acid
Names
	IUPAC names Trivial: Aspartic acid; Systematic: Aminobutanedioic acid
	Other names Aminosuccinic acid, asparagic acid, asparaginic acid
Identifiers
CAS Number	617-45-8 ; 56-84-8 (L-isomer) ; 1783-96-6 (D-isomer) ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image; Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:22660 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL139661 ;
ChemSpider	411 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.265
EC Number	200-291-6
KEGG	C16433 ;
PubChem CID	424;
UNII	28XF4669EP ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C4H7NO4/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2H,1,5H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9) Key: CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C4H7NO4/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2H,1,5H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9) Key: CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-UHFFFAOYAE ;
	SMILES O=C(O)CC(N)C(=O)O ; C(C(C(=O)O)N)C(=O)O ;
Properties
Chemical formula	C4H7NO4
Molar mass	133.10 g·mol−1
Appearance	colourless crystals
Density	1.7 g/cm3
Melting point	270 °C (518 °F; 543 K)
Boiling point	324 °C (615 °F; 597 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water	4.5 g/L
Acidity (pKa)	3.9
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	-64.2·10−6 cm3/mol
Hazards
Safety data sheet	See: data page
NFPA 704	1 1 0
Supplementary data page
Structure and; properties	Refractive index (n),; Dielectric constant (εr), etc.
Thermodynamic; data	Phase behaviour; solid–liquid–gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	verify (what is ?)
	Infobox references

　　[★]

D-アスパラギン酸

関: D-aspartic acid

「D-アスパラギン酸」

　　[★]

英: D-aspartic acid、D-aspartate

「N-methyl-D-aspartic acid」

　　[★] N-メチル-D-アスパラギン酸

NMDA型グルタミン酸受容体刺激薬

関: N-methyl-D-aspartate、N-methylaspartate、NMDA

「D」

　　[★]

アスパラギン酸
ジヒドロウリジン
遠位の distal,
うつ病 depression
下行結腸 descending colon(大腸内視鏡検査の結果を記載するときに用いる)

「aspartic」

　　[★]

adj.

アスパラギン酸の

関: Asp、aspartate、aspartic acid、D

[WikiPathways-10] The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534".

[merck-1] "862. Aspartic acid". The Merck Index (11th ed.). 1989. p. 132. ISBN 0-911910-28-X.

[2] "ICSC 1439 - L-ASPARTIC ACID". inchem.org.

[3] "Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides". IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. 1983. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2018.

[:1-4] G.,, Voet, Judith; W.,, Pratt, Charlotte. Fundamentals of biochemistry : life at the molecular level. ISBN 9781118918401. OCLC 910538334.

[5] Berzelius JJ, Öngren OG (1839). Traité de chimie (in French). 3. Brussels: A. Wahlen et Cie. p. 81. Retrieved 25 August 2015.

[6] Plimmer R (1912) [1908]. Plimmer R, Hopkins F, eds. The chemical composition of the proteins. Monographs on Biochemistry. Part I. Analysis (2nd ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co. p. 112. Retrieved January 18, 2010.

[IUPAC-7] "Nomenclature and symbolism for amino acids and peptides (IUPAC-IUB Recommendations 1983)", Pure Appl. Chem., 56 (5): 595–624, 1984, doi:10.1351/pac198456050595 .

[8] Dunn MS, Smart BW (1950). "DL-Aspartic Acid". Organic Syntheses. 30: 7. ; Collective Volume, 4, p. 55 .

[9] Lehninger AL, Nelson DL, Cox MM (2000). Principles of Biochemistry (3rd ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 1-57259-153-6.

[11] Chen PE, Geballe MT, Stansfeld PJ, Johnston AR, Yuan H, Jacob AL, Snyder JP, Traynelis SF, Wyllie DJ (May 2005). "Structural features of the glutamate binding site in recombinant NR1/NR2A N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors determined by site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling". Molecular Pharmacology. 67 (5): 1470–84. doi:10.1124/mol.104.008185. PMID 15703381.

[12] Evans J (2014). Commercial Amino Acids. BCC Research. pp. 101–103.

[:0-13] Transparency Market Research. Superabsorbent polymers market - global industry analysis, size, share, growth, trends and forecase, 2014-2020. (2014).

[14] Alford DD, Wheeler AP, Pettigrew CA (1994). "Biodegradation of thermally synthesized polyaspartate". J Environ Polym Degr. 2: 225–236.

[15] Kelling K (2001). Crop Responses to Amisorb in the North Central Region. University of Wisconsin-Madison.

[16] Global concrete floor coatings market will be worth US$1.1 bn by 2020. Transparency Market Research (2015).

[17] Corrosion inhibitors market analysis by product, by application, by end-use industry, and segment forecasts to 2020. Grand View Research (2014)

[SalunkheKadam1995-18] Salunkhe DK, Kadam S (18 August 1995). Handbook of Fruit Science and Technology: Production, Composition, Storage, and Processing. CRC Press. pp. 368–. ISBN 978-0-8247-9643-3.

[Considine2012-19] Considine DM (6 December 2012). Foods and Food Production Encyclopedia. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 114–. ISBN 978-1-4684-8511-0.

v t e Neurotransmitters
Amino acid-derived	Major excitatory/inhibitory systems: Glutamate system: Agmatine Aspartic acid (aspartate) Cycloserine Glutamic acid (glutamate) Glutathione Glycine GSNO GSSG Kynurenic acid NAA NAAG Proline Serine; GABA system: GABA GABOB GHB; Glycine system: α-Alanine β-Alanine Glycine Hypotaurine Proline Sarcosine Serine Taurine; GHB system: GHB T-HCA (GHC) Biogenic amines: Monoamines: 6-OHM Dopamine Epinephrine (adrenaline) NAS (normelatonin) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Serotonin (5-HT); Trace amines: 3-Iodothyronamine N-Methylphenethylamine N-Methyltryptamine m-Octopamine p-Octopamine Phenylethanolamine Phenethylamine Synephrine Tryptamine m-Tyramine p-Tyramine; Others: Histamine Neuropeptides: See here instead.
Lipid-derived	Endocannabinoids: 2-AG 2-AGE (noladin ether) 2-ALPI 2-OG AA-5-HT Anandamide (AEA) DEA LPI NADA NAGly OEA Oleamide PEA RVD-Hpα SEA Virodhamine (O-AEA) Neurosteroids: See here instead.
Nucleobase-derived	Nucleosides: Adenosine system: Adenosine ADP AMP ATP
Vitamin-derived	Cholinergic system: Acetylcholine
Miscellaneous	Gasotransmitters: Carbon monoxide (CO) Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) Nitric oxide (NO); Candidates: Acetaldehyde Ammonia (NH₃) Carbonyl sulfide (COS) Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Sulfur dioxide (SO₂)

v t e Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators
AMPAR	Agonists: Main site agonists: 5-Fluorowillardiine Acromelic acid (acromelate) AMPA BOAA Domoic acid Glutamate Ibotenic acid Proline Quisqualic acid Willardiine; Positive allosteric modulators: Aniracetam Cyclothiazide CX-516 CX-546 CX-614 Farampator (CX-691, ORG-24448) CX-717 CX-1739 CX-1942 Diazoxide Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) IDRA-21 LY-392098 LY-395153 LY-404187 LY-451646 LY-503430 Mibampator (LY-451395) Nooglutyl ORG-26576 Oxiracetam PEPA PF-04958242 Piracetam Pramiracetam S-18986 Tulrampator (S-47445, CX-1632) Antagonists: ACEA-1011 ATPO Becampanel Caroverine CNQX Dasolampanel DNQX Fanapanel (MPQX) GAMS Kaitocephalin Kynurenic acid Kynurenine Licostinel (ACEA-1021) NBQX PNQX Selurampanel Tezampanel Theanine Topiramate YM90K Zonampanel; Negative allosteric modulators: Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental) Cyclopropane Enflurane Ethanol (alcohol) Evans blue GYKI-52466 GYKI-53655 Halothane Irampanel Isoflurane Perampanel Pregnenolone sulfate Sevoflurane Talampanel; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: Minocycline
KAR	Agonists: Main site agonists: 5-Bromowillardiine 5-Iodowillardiine Acromelic acid (acromelate) AMPA ATPA Domoic acid Glutamate Ibotenic acid Kainic acid LY-339434 Proline Quisqualic acid SYM-2081; Positive allosteric modulators: Cyclothiazide Diazoxide Enflurane Halothane Isoflurane Antagonists: ACEA-1011 CNQX Dasolampanel DNQX GAMS Kaitocephalin Kynurenic acid Licostinel (ACEA-1021) LY-382884 NBQX NS102 Selurampanel Tezampanel Theanine Topiramate UBP-302; Negative allosteric modulators: Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental) Enflurane Ethanol (alcohol) Evans blue NS-3763 Pregnenolone sulfate
NMDAR	Agonists: Main site agonists: AMAA Aspartate Glutamate Homocysteic acid (L-HCA) Homoquinolinic acid Ibotenic acid NMDA Proline Quinolinic acid Tetrazolylglycine Theanine; Glycine site agonists: β-Fluoro-D-alanine ACBD ACC (ACPC) ACPD AK-51 Apimostinel (NRX-1074) B6B21 CCG D-Alanine D-Cycloserine D-Serine DHPG Dimethylglycine Glycine HA-966 L-687414 L-Alanine L-Serine Milacemide Neboglamine (nebostinel) Rapastinel (GLYX-13) Sarcosine; Polyamine site agonists: Neomycin Spermidine Spermine; Other positive allosteric modulators: 24S-Hydroxycholesterol DHEA (prasterone) DHEA sulfate (prasterone sulfate) Epipregnanolone sulfate Pregnenolone sulfate SAGE-201 SAGE-301 SAGE-718 Antagonists: Competitive antagonists: AP5 (APV) AP7 CGP-37849 CGP-39551 CGP-39653 CGP-40116 CGS-19755 CPP Kaitocephalin LY-233053 LY-235959 LY-274614 MDL-100453 Midafotel (d-CPPene) NPC-12626 NPC-17742 PBPD PEAQX Perzinfotel PPDA SDZ-220581 Selfotel; Glycine site antagonists: 4-Cl-KYN (AV-101) 5,7-DCKA 7-CKA ACC ACEA-1011 ACEA-1328 Apimostinel (NRX-1074) AV-101 Carisoprodol CGP-39653 CNQX D-Cycloserine DNQX Felbamate Gavestinel GV-196771 Harkoseride Kynurenic acid Kynurenine L-689560 L-701324 Licostinel (ACEA-1021) LU-73068 MDL-105519 Meprobamate MRZ 2/576 PNQX Rapastinel (GLYX-13) ZD-9379; Polyamine site antagonists: Arcaine Co 101676 Diaminopropane Diethylenetriamine Huperzine A Putrescine; Uncompetitive pore blockers (mostly dizocilpine site): 2-MDP 3-HO-PCP 3-MeO-PCE 3-MeO-PCMo 3-MeO-PCP 4-MeO-PCP 8A-PDHQ 18-MC α-Endopsychosin Alaproclate Alazocine (SKF-10047) Amantadine Aptiganel Argiotoxin-636 Arketamine ARL-12495 ARL-15896-AR ARL-16247 Budipine Coronaridine Delucemine (NPS-1506) Dexoxadrol Dextrallorphan Dextromethadone Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Dieticyclidine Diphenidine Dizocilpine Ephenidine Esketamine Etoxadrol Eticyclidine Fluorolintane Gacyclidine Ibogaine Ibogamine Indantadol Ketamine Ketobemidone Lanicemine Levomethadone Levomethorphan Levomilnacipran Levorphanol Loperamide Memantine Methadone Methorphan Methoxetamine Methoxphenidine Milnacipran Morphanol NEFA Neramexane Nitromemantine Noribogaine Norketamine Orphenadrine PCPr PD-137889 Pethidine (meperidine) Phencyclamine Phencyclidine Propoxyphene Remacemide Rhynchophylline Rimantadine Rolicyclidine Sabeluzole Tabernanthine Tenocyclidine Tiletamine Tramadol; Ifenprodil (NR2B) site antagonists: Besonprodil Buphenine (nylidrin) CO-101244 (PD-174494) Eliprodil Haloperidol Isoxsuprine Radiprodil (RGH-896) Rislenemdaz (CERC-301, MK-0657) Ro 8-4304 Ro 25-6981 Safaprodil Traxoprodil (CP-101606); NR2A-selective antagonists: MPX-004 MPX-007 TCN-201 TCN-213; Cations: Hydrogen Magnesium Zinc; Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related: Benzene Butane Chloroform Cyclopropane Desflurane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethanol (alcohol) Halothane Hexanol Isoflurane Methoxyflurane Nitrous oxide Octanol Sevoflurane Toluene Trichloroethane Trichloroethanol Trichloroethylene Urethane Xenon Xylene; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: ARR-15896 Bumetanide Caroverine Conantokin D-αAA Dexanabinol Flufenamic acid Flupirtine FPL-12495 FR-115427 Furosemide Hodgkinsine Ipenoxazone (MLV-6976) MDL-27266 Metaphit Minocycline MPEP Niflumic acid Pentamidine Pentamidine isethionate Piretanide Psychotridine Transcrocetin (saffron)
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators

リンク元	「D-aspartate」「D-アスパラギン酸」
拡張検索	「N-methyl-D-aspartic acid」
関連記事	「D」「aspartic」

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D-aspartic acid