出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/15 20:40:01」(JST)
| Aspartic acid | |
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IUPAC name
Trivial: Aspartic acid |
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Other names
Aminosuccinic acid, asparagic acid, asparaginic acid[1] |
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 617-45-8 Y, 56-84-8 (L-isomer) |
| PubChem | 424 |
| ChemSpider | 411 Y |
| UNII | 28XF4669EP Y |
| EC-number | 200-291-6 |
| KEGG | C16433 Y |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:22660 Y |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL139661 Y |
| Jmol-3D images | Image 1 Image 2 |
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SMILES
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InChI
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| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C4H7NO4 |
| Molar mass | 133.10 g mol−1 |
| Appearance | colourless crystals |
| Density | 1.7 g/cm3 |
| Melting point |
270°C |
| Boiling point |
324°C (decomposes) |
| Solubility in water | 4.5 g/L [2] |
| Acidity (pKa) | 3.9 |
| Hazards | |
| MSDS | External MSDS |
| EU Index | not listed |
| NFPA 704 |
1
1
0
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| Supplementary data page | |
| Structure and properties |
n, εr, etc. |
| Thermodynamic data |
Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas |
| Spectral data | UV, IR, NMR, MS |
| Y (verify) (what is: Y/N?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) |
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| Infobox references | |
Aspartic acid (abbreviated as Asp or D)[3] is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HOOCCH(NH2)CH2COOH. The carboxylate anion, salt, or ester of aspartic acid is known as aspartate. The L-isomer of aspartate is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins. Its codons are GAU and GAC.
Aspartic acid is, together with glutamic acid, classified as an acidic amino acid with a pKa of 3.9, however in a peptide the pKa is highly dependent on the local environment. A pKa as high as 14 is not at all uncommon. Aspartate is pervasive in biosynthesis. As with all amino acids, the presence of acid protons depends on the residue's local chemical environment and the pH of the solution.
Contents
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Aspartic acid was first discovered in 1827 by Plisson, derived from asparagine, which had been isolated from asparagus juice in 1806, by boiling with a base.[4]
There are two forms or enantiomers of aspartic acid. The name "aspartic acid" can refer to either enantiomer or a mixture of two.[3] Of these two forms, only one, "L-aspartic acid", is directly incorporated into proteins. The biological roles of its counterpart, "D-aspartic acid" are more limited. Where enzymatic synthesis will produce one or the other, most chemical syntheses will produce both forms, "DL-aspartic acid," known as a racemic mixture.
Aspartate is non-essential in mammals, being produced from oxaloacetate by transamination. It can also be generated from ornithine and citrulline in the urea cycle. In plants and microorganisms, aspartate is the precursor to several amino acids, including four that are essential for humans: methionine, threonine, isoleucine, and lysine. The conversion of aspartate to these other amino acids begins with reduction of aspartate to its "semialdehyde," O2CCH(NH2)CH2CHO.[5] Asparagine is derived from aspartate via transamidation:
(where GC(O)NH2 and GC(O)OH are glutamine and glutamic acid, respectively)
Aspartate is also a metabolite in the urea cycle and participates in gluconeogenesis. It carries reducing equivalents in the malate-aspartate shuttle, which utilizes the ready interconversion of aspartate and oxaloacetate, which is the oxidized (dehydrogenated) derivative of malic acid. Aspartate donates one nitrogen atom in the biosynthesis of inosine, the precursor to the purine bases. In addition, aspartic acid acts as hydrogen acceptor in a chain of ATP synthase.
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. [§ 1]
Aspartate (the conjugate base of aspartic acid) stimulates NMDA receptors, though not as strongly as the amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate does.[6]
Aspartic acid is not an essential amino acid, which means that it can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans. Aspartic acid is found in:
Racemic aspartic acid can be synthesized from diethyl sodium phthalimidomalonate, (C6H4(CO)2NC(CO2Et)2).[7]
The major disadvantage of the above technique is that equimolar amounts of each enantiomer are made, but the body only utilizes L-amino acids. Using biotechnology it is now possible to use immobilised enzymes to create just one type of enantiomer owing to their stereospecificity. Aspartic acid is made synthetically using ammonium fumarate and aspartase from E.coli, E.coli usually breaks down the aspartic acid as a nitrogen source but using excess amounts of ammonium fumarate a reversal of the enzyme's job is possible, and so aspartic acid is made to very high yields, 98.7 mM from 1 M.
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| リンク元 | 「D-aspartic acid」「D-アスパラギン酸」 |
| 拡張検索 | 「N-methyl-D-aspartate受容体」「D-aspartate oxidase」「N-methyl-D-aspartate」「non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor」 |
| 関連記事 | 「D」「aspartate」 |
[★] 非NMDA受容体。非-N-メチル-D-アスパラギン酸受容体