出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2016/09/09 14:43:32」(JST)
アブラナ科 | ||||||||||||||||||
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アブラナ
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分類 | ||||||||||||||||||
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学名 | ||||||||||||||||||
Brassicaceae Burnett | ||||||||||||||||||
タイプ属 | ||||||||||||||||||
アブラナ属 Brassica L. [1] | ||||||||||||||||||
シノニム | ||||||||||||||||||
Cruciferae Juss. |
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属 | ||||||||||||||||||
本文参照 |
アブラナ科(アブラナか、Brassicaceae)はアブラナ目に属する科の一つ。4枚の花弁が十字架のように見えることから、昔は十字花科(Cruciferae)とも呼ばれていた。APG植物分類体系では、すべての植物の科名が典型属に由来するものに改められたため、アブラナ属 Brassica に由来するものになっているが、旧学名も保留名として認められており、最新の書籍でも新名と保留名が併記されていることが多い。
十字架状の花弁と、細長い(種によっては扁平なうちわ型の)角果が特徴。ワサビやキャベツ、ダイコン、野菜あるいは香辛料として利用されるものを含む。またシロイヌナズナはモデル生物として有名である。
アブラナ科はフウチョウソウ科と近縁であり、APG植物分類体系(第2版まで)ではこれも(グループ内の詳細な関係が不明だったため、暫定的に)アブラナ科に含めていた。APG植物分類体系第3版では再び分離している。
篩部に「ミロシン細胞」という特殊な細胞があり、柔細胞にはカラシ油配糖体を含むのも大きな特徴である(近縁のフウチョウソウ科やワサビノキ科も含む)。植物体が傷つくとミロシン細胞内の酵素(ミロシナーゼ)が配糖体を加水分解してイソチオシアン酸アリルを遊離する。この物質がからしやワサビ、大根おろしなどに特有のツンとした辛味の成分であり、昆虫などの草食動物による食害から防御する手段である。
アブラナ科の野菜にはがん予防効果があるといわれており[2]、アブラナ科のイソチオシアネートの効果とも[3]、イソチオシアン酸の誘導体が肝臓で抱合反応などによって解毒する作用を持っている酵素に働きかけるためだともいわれている。スルフォラファンはイソチオシアネートの一種でアブラナ科野菜の中でもブロッコリーに含まれ、がん予防効果があるとされている[4]。
総野菜・総果物摂取量全体では、乳がん発生との関連は観察されなかったが、閉経前の女性では、「アブラナ科野菜」の摂取量が高いほど、乳がんになりにくいとの報告がある[5]。
アブラナ科の植物には抗変異原性があるものが多い[6]。
S-メチルシステインスルフォキシド(S-methylcysteine sulfoxide)を含み、反芻動物の腸内での化学反応の結果、ジメチルジスルフィド(dimethyl disulfide)へと変化し、牛や羊などで溶血性貧血を起す。
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系統 |
25連 (分類学)に338属が属する[7]。
ウィキメディア・コモンズには、アブラナ科に関連するカテゴリがあります。 |
ウィキスピーシーズにアブラナ科に関する情報があります。 |
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Brassicaceae | |
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Winter cress, Barbarea vulgaris | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
(unranked): | Angiosperms |
(unranked): | Eudicots |
(unranked): | Rosids |
Order: | Brassicales |
Family: | Brassicaceae Burnett[1] |
Genera | |
See text. |
The Brassicaceae are a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants (angiosperms), informally known as the mustards, the mustard flowers, the crucifers, or the cabbage family.
The name Brassicaceae is derived from the included genus Brassica. An older name, Cruciferae (English /kruːˈsɪfəri/), meaning "cross-bearing", describes the four petals of mustard flowers, which resemble a cross; it is one of eight plant family names without the suffix '-aceae' that are authorized alternative names (according to ICBN Art. 18.5 and 18.6 Vienna Code); thus both Cruciferae and Brassicaceae are used.
The family contains 372 genera and 4060 accepted species.[2] The largest genera are Draba (440 species), Erysimum (261 species), Lepidium (234 species), Cardamine (233 species), and Alyssum (207 species).
The family contains the cruciferous vegetables, including species such as Brassica oleracea (e.g., broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, collards), Brassica rapa (turnip, Chinese cabbage, etc.), Brassica napus (rapeseed, etc.), Raphanus sativus (common radish), Armoracia rusticana (horseradish), Matthiola (stock) and the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress).
Pieris rapae and other butterflies of the Pieridae family are some of the most well-known pests of the commercial cropping of Brassicaceae species.
The family is included in the Brassicales according to the APG system. Older systems (e.g., Arthur Cronquist's) placed them into the Capparales, a now-defunct order that had a similar definition.
This family comprises about 365 genera and 3200 species all over the world; 94 species of 38 genera are found in Nepal. The plants are mostly herbs. A close relationship has long been acknowledged between the Brassicaceae and the caper family, Capparaceae, in part because members of both groups produce glucosinolate (mustard oil) compounds. The Capparaceae as traditionally circumscribed were paraphyletic with respect to Brassicaceae, with Cleome and several related genera being more closely related to the Brassicaceae than to other Capparaceae.[3] The APG II system, therefore, has merged the two families under the name Brassicaceae. Other classifications have continued to recognize the Capparaceae, but with a more restricted circumscription, either including Cleome and its relatives in the Brassicaceae or recognizing them in the segregate family Cleomaceae. The APG III system has recently adopted this last solution, but this may change as a consensus arises on this point. This article deals with Brassicaceae sensu stricto, i.e. treating the Cleomaceae and Capparaceae as segregated families.
Brassicaceae s.l. |
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The family consists mostly of herbaceous plants with annual, biennial, or perennial lifespans. However, around the Mediterranean, they include also a dozen woody shrubs 1-3 m tall, e.g. in northern Africa (Zilla spinosa and Ptilotrichum spinosum), in the Dalmatian islands (Dendralyssum and Cramboxylon), and chiefly in Canarias with some woody cruciferous genera: Dendrosinapis, Descurainia, Parolinia, Stanleya, etc..
The leaves are alternate (rarely opposite), sometimes organized in basal rosettes; in rare shrubby crucifers of Mediterranean their leaves are mostly in terminal rosettes, and may be coriaceous and evergreen. They are very often pinnately incised and do not have stipules.
The structure of the flowers is extremely uniform throughout the family. They have four free saccate sepals and four clawed free petals, staggered. They can be disymmetric or slightly zygomorphic, with a typical cross-like arrangement (hence the name Cruciferae). They have six stamens, four of which are longer (as long as the petals) and are arranged in a cross like the petals and the other two are shorter (tetradynamous flower). The pistil is made up of two fused carpels and the style is very short, with two lobes. The ovary is superior. The flowers form ebracteate racemose inflorescences, often apically corymb-like.[clarification needed]
Pollination occurs by entomogamy; nectar is produced at the base of the stamens and stored on the sepals.
The fruit is a peculiar kind of capsule named siliqua (plural siliquae). It opens by two valves, which are the modified carpels, leaving the seeds attached to a framework made up of the placenta and tissue from the junction between the valves (replum). Often, an indehiscent beak occurs at the top of the style and one or more seeds may be borne there. Where a siliqua is less than three times as long as it is broad, it is usually termed a silicula. The siliqua may break apart at constrictions occurring between the segments of the seeds, thus forming a sort of loment (e.g., Raphanus), it may eject the seeds explosively (e.g., Cardamine) or may be evolved in a sort of samara (e.g., Isatis). The fruit is often the most important diagnostic character for plants in this family. Most members share a suite of glucosinolate compounds that have a typical pungent odour usually associated with cole crops.
The importance of this family for food crops has led to its selective breeding throughout history. Some examples of cruciferous food plants are the cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, turnip, rapeseed, mustard, radish, horseradish, cress, wasabi, and watercress.
Matthiola (stock), Cheiranthus, Lobularia, and Iberis (candytufts) are appreciated for their flowers. Lunaria (honesty) is cultivated for the decorative value of the translucent replum of the round silicula that remains on the dried stems after dehiscence.
Capsella bursa-pastoris, Lepidium, and many Cardamine species are common weeds.
Isatis tinctoria (woad) was used in the past to produce the colour indigo.
Arabidopsis thaliana is a very important model organism in the study of the flowering plants (Angiospermae).
The name "Brassicaceae" (English /ˌbræsᵻˈkeɪsi, -siˌaɪ, -siˌeɪ, -siˌi/) comes to international scientific vocabulary from New Latin, from Brassica, the type genus, + -aceae,[4] a standardized suffix for plant family names in modern taxonomy. The genus name comes from the Classical Latin word brassica, referring to cabbage and cruciferous vegetables.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brassicaceae. |
Wikispecies has information related to: Brassicaceae |
Cruciferous Biochemistry (Brassicaceae)
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Types of compounds |
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Glucosinolates |
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Isothiocyanates (ITC, mustard oils) |
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Bioactive metabolites |
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Taxon Identifiers |
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リンク元 | 「アブラナ科」「Brassica rapa」「Brassica」「cabbage」「rapeseed」 |
アブラナ、(変種として)クサイ、(変種として)ブ
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