WordNet

of or relating to or belonging to the plant family Cruciferae
a large family of plants with four-petaled flowers; includes mustards, cabbages, broccoli, turnips, cresses, and their many relatives (同)family Cruciferae, Brassicaceae, family Brassicaceae, mustard family
a vegetable of the mustard family: especially mustard greens; various cabbages; broccoli; cauliflower; brussels sprouts

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/30 03:40:49」(JST)

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This article is about the use of Brassicaceae as food. For a botanical description of plants in this family (whether or not used for food), see Brassicaceae.

Cabbage plants

Cruciferous vegetables are vegetables of the family Brassicaceae (also called Cruciferae). These vegetables are widely cultivated, with many genera, species, and cultivars being raised for food production such as cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli and similar green leaf vegetables. The family takes its alternate name (Cruciferae, New Latin for "cross-bearing") from the shape of their flowers, whose four petals resemble a cross.

Ten of the most common cruciferous vegetables eaten by people are in a single species (B. oleracea), and are not distinguished from one another taxonomically, but only by the horticultural category of cultivar groups. Numerous other genera and species in the family are also edible. Cruciferous vegetables are one of the dominant food crops worldwide. Widely considered to be healthy foods, they are high in vitamin C and soluble fiber and contain multiple nutrients and phytochemicals with potential anticancer properties: diindolylmethane, sulforaphane and selenium. Both diindolylmethane, sulforaphane, and many other sharp-tasting substances in these vegetables are produced from substances called glucosinolates.

Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, have discovered 3,3'-diindolylmethane in Brassica vegetables is a strong androgen receptor antagonist in human prostate cancer cells.^[1]

Cruciferous vegetables can potentially be goitrogenic (inducing goiter formation). They contain enzymes that interfere with the formation of thyroid hormone in people with iodine deficiency.^[2]^[3] Cooking for 30 minutes significantly reduces the amount of goitrogens and nitriles. At high intake of crucifers, the goitrogens inhibit the incorporation of iodine into thyroid hormone and also the transfer of iodine into milk by the mammary gland.^[4]

Cruciferous vegetables have recently been implicated in some pharmacological drug interactions. These vegetables are powerful inducers of the microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP1A2, which is responsible for the metabolism of many pharmacological agents.^[5] By causing induction of the enzyme, it may incidentally increase the rate of phase I transformations (see pharmacokinetics) of pharmocological agents that are normally metabolized by this enzyme, expediting the process of drug metabolism. This, in turn, could produce drug plasma concentrations less than the desired therapeutic range.

Cruciferous vegetables have been found to be less likely to be eaten by people who can taste PTC,^[6] due to the existence of compounds related to PTC in such vegetables.

List of cruciferous vegetables

Extensive selective breeding has produced a large variety of cultivars, especially within the genus Brassica. One description of genetic factors involved in the breeding of Brassica species is the Triangle of U.

**The taxonomy of common cruciferous vegetables**
common name	genus	specific epithet	Cultivar Group
horseradish	Armoracia	rusticana
land cress	Barbarea	verna
ethiopian mustard	Brassica	carinata
kale	Brassica	oleracea	Acephala Group
collard greens	Brassica	oleracea	Acephala Group
Chinese broccoli (gai-lan)	Brassica	oleracea	Alboglabra Group
cabbage	Brassica	oleracea	Capitata Group
brussels sprout	Brassica	oleracea	Gemmifera Group
kohlrabi	Brassica	oleracea	Gongylodes Group
broccoli	Brassica	oleracea	Italica Group
broccoflower	Brassica	oleracea	Italica Group × Botrytis Group
broccoli romanesco	Brassica	oleracea	Botrytis Group / Italica Group
cauliflower	Brassica	oleracea	Botrytis Group
wild broccoli	Brassica	oleracea	Oleracea Group
bok choy	Brassica	rapa	chinensis
komatsuna	Brassica	rapa	pervidis or komatsuna
mizuna	Brassica	rapa	nipposinica
Rapini (broccoli rabe)	Brassica	rapa	parachinensis
flowering cabbage	Brassica	rapa	parachinensis
chinese cabbage, napa cabbage	Brassica	rapa	pekinensis
turnip root; greens	Brassica	rapa	rapifera
rutabaga	Brassica	napus	napobrassica
siberian kale	Brassica	napus	pabularia
canola/rapeseed	Brassica	rapa/napus	oleifera
wrapped heart mustard cabbage	Brassica	juncea	rugosa
mustard seeds, brown; greens	Brassica	juncea
mustard seeds, white	Brassica (or Sinapis)	hirta
mustard seeds, black	Brassica	nigra
tatsoi	Brassica	rosularis
arugula (rocket)	Eruca	vesicaria
field pepperweed	Lepidium	campestre
maca	Lepidium	meyenii
garden cress	Lepidium	sativum
watercress	Nasturtium	officinale
radish	Raphanus	sativus
daikon	Raphanus	sativus	longipinnatus
wasabi	Wasabia	japonica

Notes

^ Plant-derived 3,3'-Diindolylmethane Is a Strong Androgen Antagonist in Human Prostate Cancer Cells* Hien T. Le , Charlene M. Schaldach , Gary L. Firestone ¶ and Leonard F. Bjeldanes. J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 23, 21136-21145, June 6, 2003. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/abstract/278/23/21136
^ What are Goitrogens and How Do they Affect the Thyroid?, Mary Shomon, author of Your Guide to Thyroid Disease
^ Thyroid Deficiency Strikes One in Six, John McDougall, McDougall Newsletter, Volume 4, Number 12, December, 2005.
^ "Bearers of the Cross: Crucifers in the Context of Traditional Diets and Modern Science". http://www.westonaprice.org/basics/bearers-of-the-cross#goitrogens.
^ Brassica vegetables increase and apiaceous vegetables decrease cytochrome P450 1A2 activity in humans: changes in caffeine metabolite ratios in response to controlled vegetable diets, Johanna W. Lampe, Irena B. King, Sue Li, Margaret T. Grate, Karen V. Barale, Chu Chen1, Ziding Feng and John D. Potter, Cancer Prevention Research Program and Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA http://carcin.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/21/6/1157
^ "Natural Selection at Work in Genetic Variation to Taste". http://www.scienceblog.com/cms/node/3114. Retrieved 2009-07-29.

References

Wood, Rebecca (1999). The new whole foods encyclopedia: a comprehensive resource for healthy eating. New York: Penguin/Arkana. ISBN 0-14-025032-8.
Tang, Li; Gary R Zirpoli, Vijayvel Jayaprakash, Mary E Reid, Susan E McCann, Chukwumere E Nwogu, Yuesheng Zhang, Christine B Ambrosone, Kirsten B Moysich (2010). "Cruciferous vegetable intake is inversely associated with lung cancer risk among smokers: a case-control study". BMC Cancer 10 (1): 162. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-10-162. ISSN 1471-2407. PMID 20423504.
Brassica juncea
Brassica napa
Brassica oleracea
Chinese flowering cabbage
romanesco
Cruciferae
edible/useful plants

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English Journal

Encapsulation of indole-3-carbinol and 3,3'-diindolylmethane in zein/carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles with controlled release property and improved stability.

Luo Y, Wang TT, Teng Z, Chen P, Sun J, Wang Q.SourceDepartment of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, 0112 Skinner Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2013 Aug 15;139(1-4):224-30. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.113. Epub 2013 Feb 10.
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) are two bioactive compounds from Cruciferous vegetables. The stability of these compounds is a major challenge for their pharmaceutical applications. In this study, zein and zein/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) nanoparticles were prepared to enca
PMID 23561099

Sociodemographic profiles regarding bitter food consumption. Cross-sectional evidence from a general French population.

Andreeva VA, Martin C, Issanchou S, Hercberg S, Kesse-Guyot E, Méjean C.SourceUnité de recherche en épidémiologie nutritonnelle (UREN), Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, UMR Université Paris 13/INSERM U557/INRA U1125/CNAM, 74, rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France. Electronic address: v.andreeva@uren.smbh.univ-paris13.fr.
Appetite.Appetite.2013 Aug;67:53-60. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.03.013. Epub 2013 Apr 4.
Certain beneficial foods taste bitter (e.g., cruciferous vegetables) and might be aversive to consumers. Here, individual characteristics according to bitter food consumption patterns were assessed. The study included 2327 participants in the SU.VI.MAX antioxidant-based randomized controlled trial (
PMID 23562680

Cruciferous vegetables consumption and the risk of female lung cancer: a prospective study and a meta-analysis.

Wu QJ, Xie L, Zheng W, Vogtmann E, Li HL, Yang G, Ji BT, Gao YT, Shu XO, Xiang YB.SourceDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai.
Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO.Ann Oncol.2013 Jul;24(7):1918-24. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdt119. Epub 2013 Apr 3.
BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies evaluating the association between cruciferous vegetables (CVs) intake and female lung cancer risk have produced inconsistent results.PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study followed 74 914 Chinese women aged 40-70 years who participated in the Shanghai Women's Health St
PMID 23553059

Japanese Journal

Modulation of protein quality control systems by food phytochemicals.

Murakami Akira
Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition 52(3), 215-227, 2013-05-00
… Interestingly, several recent studies have revealed that phytochemicals, including curcumin (yellow pigment in turmeric), resveratrol (phytoalexin in grapes), quercetin (general flavonol in onions and others), and isothiocyanates (preferentially present in cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli and cabbage), are remarkable regulators of protein quality control systems, suggesting that their physiological and biological functions are exerted, at least in part, through activation of such unique mechanisms. …
NAID 120005293578