関: cabbage

WordNet

any of various cultivars of the genus Brassica oleracea grown for their edible leaves or flowers (同)cultivated cabbage, Brassica_oleracea
any of various types of cabbage (同)chou
mustards: cabbages; cauliflowers; turnips; etc. (同)genus Brassica

PrepTutorEJDIC

『キャベツ』 / (食用の)キャベツの葉

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/10/19 15:53:26」(JST)

wiki en

Brassica oleracea is a plant species that includes many common foods as cultivars, including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, collard greens, savoy, kohlrabi, and gai lan.

In its uncultivated form, it is called wild cabbage, and is native to coastal southern and western Europe. Its high tolerance for salt and lime, and its intolerance of competition from other plants typically restrict its natural occurrence to limestone sea cliffs, like the chalk cliffs on both sides of the English Channel,^[1] and the windswept coast on the western side of the Isle of Wight.

Wild B. oleracea is a tall biennial plant that forms a stout rosette of large leaves in the first year. The leaves are fleshier and thicker than other Brassica species—an adaptation that helps it store water and nutrients in its difficult growing environment. In its second year, it uses the stored nutrients to produce a flower spike 1 to 2 metres (3–7 ft) tall with numerous yellow flowers.

Cultivation and uses

B. oleracea has become established as an important human food crop plant, used because of its large food reserves, which are stored over the winter in its leaves. It is rich in essential nutrients including vitamin C. A diet rich in cruciferous vegetables (e.g., cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower) is linked to a reduced risk of several human cancers.^[2]^[3]

Researchers believe it has been cultivated for several thousand years—but its history as a domesticated plant is not clear before Greek and Roman times, when it was a well-established garden vegetable. Theophrastus mentions three kinds of rhaphanos (ῤάφανος):^[4] a curly-leaved, a smooth-leaved, and a wild-type.^[5] He reports the antipathy of the cabbage and the grape vine, for the ancients believed cabbages grown near grapes would impart their flavour to the wine.^[6] It has been bred into a wide range of cultivars, including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, collards, and kale, some of which are hardly recognisable as being members of the same genus, let alone species.^[7] The historical genus of Crucifera, meaning "cross-bearing," may be the only unifying feature beyond taste.

Several cultivars of Brassica oleracea, including kale, Brussels sprouts, savoy, and Chinese kale

Origins

According to the Triangle of U theory, B. oleracea is very closely related to five other species of the genus Brassica.^[8]

Jersey cabbage can be cultivated to grow quite large, especially in frost- free climates.

Growing head of B. oleracea Botrytis Group at Hooghly near Bandel in West Bengal, India

The cultivars of B. oleracea are grouped by developmental form into seven major cultivar groups, of which the Acephala ("non-heading") group remains most like the natural Wild Cabbage in appearance:

Brassica oleracea Acephala Group – kale and collard greens
Brassica oleracea Alboglabra Group – kai-lan (Chinese broccoli)
Brassica oleracea Botrytis Group – cauliflower, Romanesco broccoli, and broccoflower
Brassica oleracea Capitata Group – cabbage
Brassica oleracea Gemmifera Group – brussels sprouts
Brassica oleracea Gongylodes Group – kohlrabi
Brassica oleracea Italica Group – broccoli

In places such as the Channel Islands and Canary Islands where the frost is minimal and plants are thus freed from seasonality, some cultivars, known as Jersey cabbages, can grow up to three meters tall. These "tree cabbages" yield fresh leaves throughout the year, are perennial, and do not need to be destroyed at harvest as with a normal cabbage. Their woody stalks are sometimes dried and made into walking sticks.^[9]

History

Cabbage in 1569.

With the advent of agriculture and the domestication of wild crop plants, the peoples of the northern Mediterranean began cultivating wild cabbage. Through artificial selection for various phenotype traits the emergence of variations of the plant with drastic differences in looks took only a few thousand years. Preference for leaves, terminal bud, lateral bud, stem and inflorescence resulted in selection of varieties of wild cabbage into the many forms present today.^[10]

Impact of preference^[11]

The preference for the eating of the leaves led to the selection of plants with larger leaves being harvested and their seeds planted for the next growth. Around the fifth century BC, the formation of what we now know as kale had developed.
Preference led to further artificial selection of kale plants with more tightly bunched leaves, or terminal bud. Somewhere around the first century AD emerged the phenotype variation of Brassica oleracea that we know as cabbage.
Phenotype selection preferences in Germany led kale down another evolutionary pathway. By selecting for fatter stems the variant plant known as kohlrabi emerged around the first century AD.
Further selection in Belgium in lateral bud led to the Brussels sprout in the 18th century.
European preference emerged for eating immature buds, selection for inflorescence. By the 15th century AD, cauliflower had developed leading also to the emergence of broccoli in Italy about 100 years later.

Medicinal Use

The Lumbee tribe of North Carolina have traditionally used the leaves of Brassica oleracea in medicine that is believed to have cleansing qualities, as well as a mild laxative, anti-inflammatory, and treatment for glaucoma and pneumonia.^[12]

Cultivars

Cultivar	Image	Name
Wild cabbage		Brassica oleracea var. oleracea
Cabbage		Brassica oleracea var. capitata f, alba
Savoy cabbage		Brassica oleracea var. capitata f, sabauda
Red cabbage		Brassica oleracea var. capitata f, rubra
Cone cabbage		Brassica oleracea var. capitata f, acuta
Kai-lan		Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra
Collard greens		Brassica oleracea var. viridis
Jersey cabbage		Brassica oleracea var. longata
Ornamental Kale		Brassica oleracea var. acephala
Kale		Brassica oleracea var. viridis
Lacinato kale		Brassica oleracea var. palmifolia
Perpetual kale		Brassica oleracea var. ramosa
Marrow cabbage		Brassica oleracea var. medullosa
Tronchuda kale		Brassica oleracea var. costata
Brussels sprout		Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera
Kohlrabi		Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes
Broccoli		Brassica oleracea var. italica
Cauliflower		Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
Romanesco broccoli		Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
Broccoli di Torbole		Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
Broccoflower		Brassica oleracea var. botrytis x italica
Broccolini		Brassica oleracea var. italica × alboglabra

References

^ Snogerup, Sven; Gustafsson, Mats; Bothmer, Roland Von (1990-01-01). "Brassica sect. Brassica (Brassicaceae) I. Taxonomy and Variation". Willdenowia. 19 (2): 271–365.
^ Verhoeven, D. T.; Goldbohm, R. A.; van Poppel, G.; Verhagen, H.; van den Brandt, P. A. (1996-09-01). "Epidemiological studies on brassica vegetables and cancer risk". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention: A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 5 (9): 733–748. ISSN 1055-9965. PMID 8877066.
^ Higdon, Jane V.; Delage, Barbara; Williams, David E.; Dashwood, Roderick H. (2007-03-01). "Cruciferous vegetables and human cancer risk: epidemiologic evidence and mechanistic basis". Pharmacological Research. 55 (3): 224–236. ISSN 1043-6618. PMC 2737735 . PMID 17317210. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.009.
^ Compare Theophrastus; raphanis (ραφανίς), "radish", also a Brassica.
^ Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012-03-01). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford. p. 199. ISBN 9780199549061.
^ Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants, IV.6.16; Deipnosophistae, I, noting the effects of cabbages on wine and wine-drinkers, also quotes Apollodorus of Carystus: "If they think that our calling it a rhaphanos, while you foreigners call it a krambê, makes any difference to us women!" (on-line English text).
^ "What are the Health Benefits of Kale?". www.findatopdoc.com. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
^ Dixon, G.R. (2007), Vegetable brassicas and related crucifers, Wallingford: CABI, ISBN 978-0-85199-395-9
^ Williams, Paul H.; Hill, Curtis B. (June 13, 1986), "Rapid-Cycling Populations of Brassica" (pdf), Science, New Series, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 232 (4756): 1385–1389, PMID 17828914, doi:10.1126/science.232.4756.1385 ^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Osnas, Jeanne L. D. "The extraordinary diversity of Brassica oleracea". The Botanist in the Kitchen. Retrieved 2016-04-07.
^ "Vegetables - University of Saskatchewan". agbio.usask.ca. Retrieved 2016-04-07.
^ de Rus Jacquet, Aurélie; Timmers, Michael; Ma, Sin Ying; Thieme, Andrew; McCabe, George P.; Vest, Jay Hansford C.; Lila, Mary Ann; Rochet, Jean-Christophe. "Lumbee traditional medicine: Neuroprotective activities of medicinal plants used to treat Parkinson's disease-related symptoms". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.021.

External links

PROTAbase on Brassica oleracea (Brussels sprouts)
PROTAbase on Brassica oleracea (cauliflower and broccoli)
Video Overview of Brassica oleracea: from Untamed Science

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 漢方薬および栄養補助食品の概要 overview of herbal medicine and dietary supplements

English Journal

Effect of post harvest radiation processing and storage on the volatile oil composition and glucosinolate profile of cabbage.

Banerjee A1, Variyar PS2, Chatterjee S1, Sharma A1.Author information 1Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India.2Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India. Electronic address: pvariyar@barc.gov.in.AbstractEffect of radiation processing (0.5-2kGy) and storage on the volatile oil constituents and glucosinolate profile of cabbage was investigated. Among the volatile oil constituents, an enhancement in trans-hex-2-enal was noted on irradiation that was attributed to the increased liberation of precursor linolenic acid mainly from monogalactosyl diacyl glycerol (MGDG). Irradiation also enhanced sinigrin, the major glucosinolate of cabbage that accounted for the enhanced allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) in the volatile oils of the irradiated vegetable. During storage the content of trans-hex-2-enal increased immediately after irradiation and then returned to the basal value within 24h while the content of sinigrin and AITC increased post irradiation and thereafter remained constant during storage. Our findings on the enhancement in potentially important health promoting compounds such as sinigrin and AITC demonstrates that besides extending shelf life and safety, radiation processing can have an additional advantage in improving the nutritional quality of cabbage.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 May 15;151:22-30. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.055. Epub 2013 Nov 18.
Effect of radiation processing (0.5-2kGy) and storage on the volatile oil constituents and glucosinolate profile of cabbage was investigated. Among the volatile oil constituents, an enhancement in trans-hex-2-enal was noted on irradiation that was attributed to the increased liberation of precursor
PMID 24423497

Free radical scavenging, antiproliferative activities and profiling of variations in the level of phytochemicals in different parts of broccoli (Brassica oleracea italica).

Chaudhary A, Sharma U, Vig AP, Singh B, Arora S.Author information Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, Punjab, India. Electronic address: ashun.chaudhary@gmail.com.AbstractIn the present study, the seeds of Broccoli (cultivar Palam samridhi) at different stages of development were being analysed for their antioxidant and antiproliferative properties. Among the antioxidant assays performed, a remarkable inhibition of superoxide radicals i.e. 94.25% observed with extracts of five days old sprout (PS5) at 2 mg/ml concentration. Although, all the extracts showed high cytotoxicity but the floret extract (PSF) found to be most effective with IC₅₀ value of 25.94 μg/ml while leaves extract (PSL) was least effective. The cell cycle analysis showed increased G₀/G₁ phase population as compare to positive control camptothecin. Profiling of various phytochemicals executed by using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy in order to correlate the bioactivities of the extracts. A wide variation observed in the profile of GLS hydrolytic products of different extracts obtained from the seeds, sprouts (three, five and seven days), leaves and florets.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Apr 1;148:373-80. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.042. Epub 2013 Oct 23.
In the present study, the seeds of Broccoli (cultivar Palam samridhi) at different stages of development were being analysed for their antioxidant and antiproliferative properties. Among the antioxidant assays performed, a remarkable inhibition of superoxide radicals i.e. 94.25% observed with extrac
PMID 24262571

Simultaneous Determination of Sulphoraphane and Sulphoraphane Nitrile in Brassica Vegetables using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Alvarez-Jubete L, Smyth TJ, Valverde J, Rai DK, Barry-Ryan C.Author information School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin 1, Ireland.AbstractINTRODUCTION: Several analytical methods exist for the determination of sulphoraphane or sulphoraphane nitrile from biological matrices and plant extracts. However, no UPLC-MS/MS method exists for the simultaneous detection of both.
Phytochemical analysis : PCA.Phytochem Anal.2014 Mar;25(2):141-6. doi: 10.1002/pca.2480. Epub 2013 Oct 16.
INTRODUCTION: Several analytical methods exist for the determination of sulphoraphane or sulphoraphane nitrile from biological matrices and plant extracts. However, no UPLC-MS/MS method exists for the simultaneous detection of both.OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate an UPLC-MS/MS method for the simu
PMID 24449540

Japanese Journal

Development of new restorer lines for CMS ogura system with the use of resynthesized oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

Breeding Science advpub(0), 516-521, 2016
NAID 130005164977

Antioxidant responses of selenium-enriched broccoli sprout (Brassica oleracea) to paraquat exposure

Biomedical Research on Trace Elements 27(1), 8-14, 2016
NAID 130005154646

養液栽培で栽培されるベビーリーフ野菜研究のための実験室レベルでの試験施設について

The Horticulture Journal 85(2), 97-104, 2016
NAID 130005150246

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「キャベツ」「cabbage」
関連記事	「Brassica」

「キャベツ」

Brassica oleracea
	Wild cabbage plants
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Brassicales
Family:	Brassicaceae
Genus:	Brassica
Species:	B. oleracea
Binomial name
	Brassica oleracea; L.

　　[★]

英: cabbage、Brassica oleracea
関: アブラナ、アブラナ科、アブラナ属、カブ、カリフラワー、ブロッコリー、クレソン、ケール

「cabbage」

　　[★]

キャベツ

関: Brassica、Brassica oleracea、Brassica rapa、Brassicaceae、broccoli、cauliflower、cress、Cruciferae、kale、rapeseed

「Brassica」

　　[★]

アブラナ属、ブラシカ属、Brassica属

関: Brassica rapa、Brassicaceae、broccoli、cabbage、cauliflower、cress、Cruciferae、kale、rapeseed

[1] Snogerup, Sven; Gustafsson, Mats; Bothmer, Roland Von (1990-01-01). "Brassica sect. Brassica (Brassicaceae) I. Taxonomy and Variation". Willdenowia. 19 (2): 271–365.

[2] Verhoeven, D. T.; Goldbohm, R. A.; van Poppel, G.; Verhagen, H.; van den Brandt, P. A. (1996-09-01). "Epidemiological studies on brassica vegetables and cancer risk". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention: A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 5 (9): 733–748. ISSN 1055-9965. PMID 8877066.

[3] Higdon, Jane V.; Delage, Barbara; Williams, David E.; Dashwood, Roderick H. (2007-03-01). "Cruciferous vegetables and human cancer risk: epidemiologic evidence and mechanistic basis". Pharmacological Research. 55 (3): 224–236. ISSN 1043-6618. PMC 2737735 . PMID 17317210. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.009.

[4] Compare Theophrastus; raphanis (ραφανίς), "radish", also a Brassica.

[5] Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012-03-01). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford. p. 199. ISBN 9780199549061.

[6] Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants, IV.6.16; Deipnosophistae, I, noting the effects of cabbages on wine and wine-drinkers, also quotes Apollodorus of Carystus: "If they think that our calling it a rhaphanos, while you foreigners call it a krambê, makes any difference to us women!" (on-line English text).

[7] "What are the Health Benefits of Kale?". www.findatopdoc.com. Retrieved 2017-04-14.

[Dixon2007-8] Dixon, G.R. (2007), Vegetable brassicas and related crucifers, Wallingford: CABI, ISBN 978-0-85199-395-9

[9] Williams, Paul H.; Hill, Curtis B. (June 13, 1986), "Rapid-Cycling Populations of Brassica" (pdf), Science, New Series, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 232 (4756): 1385–1389, PMID 17828914, doi:10.1126/science.232.4756.1385 ^{[permanent dead link]}

[10] Osnas, Jeanne L. D. "The extraordinary diversity of Brassica oleracea". The Botanist in the Kitchen. Retrieved 2016-04-07.

[11] "Vegetables - University of Saskatchewan". agbio.usask.ca. Retrieved 2016-04-07.

[12] Rus Jacquet, Aurélie; Timmers, Michael; Ma, Sin Ying; Thieme, Andrew; McCabe, George P.; Vest, Jay Hansford C.; Lila, Mary Ann; Rochet, Jean-Christophe. "Lumbee traditional medicine: Neuroprotective activities of medicinal plants used to treat Parkinson's disease-related symptoms". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.021.

v t e Brassica oleracea
Brassica oleracea	Acephala group Broccoflower Broccoli Broccoli sprouts Broccolini Brussels sprout Cabbage Cauliflower Collard greens Gai lan Kale Kohlrabi Red cabbage Romanesco broccoli Savoy cabbage Spring greens
See also	List of cabbage dishes

匿名

検索

案内

案内

Brassica oleracea

WordNet

PrepTutorEJDIC

Wikipedia preview

wiki en

Contents

Cultivation and uses

Origins

History

Impact of preference^[11]

Medicinal Use

Cultivars

References

External links

UpToDate Contents

English Journal

Japanese Journal

Related Links

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

「キャベツ」

「cabbage」

「Brassica」

v t e Brassica
Brassica carinata Brassica juncea Brassica napus Brassica nigra Brassica oleracea Brassica rapa Brassica tournefortii Bomdong Canola Chinese cabbage Bok choy Napa cabbage Choy sum Collard greens Kohlrabi Mustard plant Rapini Rutabaga Spring greens Tatsoi Triangle of U Turnip
Brassicaceae (Cruciferous vegetables): Brassica Raphanus Cruciferous Biochemistry genera (list)

匿名

検索

案内

Brassica oleracea

WordNet

PrepTutorEJDIC

Wikipedia preview

wiki en

Contents

Cultivation and uses

Origins

History

Impact of preference[11]

Medicinal Use

Cultivars

References

External links

UpToDate Contents

English Journal

Japanese Journal

Related Links

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

「キャベツ」

「cabbage」

「Brassica」

Impact of preference^[11]