関: Brassica rapa、oilseed rape、rapeseed

WordNet

seed of rape plants; source of an edible oil
vegetable oil made from rapeseed; it is high in monounsaturated fatty acids (同)canola

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/12 00:33:45」(JST)

wiki ja

アブラナ（油菜）は、アブラナ科アブラナ属の二年生植物。古くから野菜として、また油を採るため栽培されてきた作物で、別名としてナノハナ（菜の花）、ナタネ（菜種は正式な作物名である）などがあり、江戸時代には胡菜または菜薹と呼ばれた。

実際にはアブラナ属の花はどれも黄色で似通っていることから、すべて「菜の花」と呼ばれる傾向がある。

植物油の原料として栽培されているのは、ほとんどが別種のセイヨウアブラナ（西洋油菜、学名：B. napus）であり、在来種のアブラナは野菜として生産され、開花前に収穫されてしまう事が多い。

概要 [編集]

原種は、西アジアから北ヨーロッパの大麦畑に生えていた雑草で、農耕文化と共に移動したと考えられている。漢代の中国に渡ると栽培作物となり多様な野菜を生むなど、東アジアで古くから栽培されている。日本では弥生時代以降から利用されたとみられる。

本来は菜、つまり葉物野菜として利用され、古事記では吉備の菘菜（あおな）、万葉集では佐野の茎立（くくたち）として登場し、花芽についても、延喜式に記されている。

江戸時代になって、植物油の採油目的として栽培され、その油は菜種油と呼ばれた。菜種油は、主に灯油原料として利用され、生活に密着したものとなった。そのため、菜種という言葉は、一般的な植物（作物）名として定着したのであった。また、一般にアブラナ属植物の種子からは油が採取でき、カラシナやカブも利用されている。

丈夫で育てやすく、広く栽培されたなじみ深い作物だった。また、菜種畑は明るい黄色が畑を覆う「菜の花畑」として春の風物詩とされ、歌や文学作品の題材となるが、明治時代以降はセイヨウアブラナに置き換わっている。

変種 [編集]

原種であるBrassica rapaの変種は数多く[1]、野菜として利用されているものが多い。

B. rapa var. nippo-oleifera - アブラナ
B. rapa var. nipposinica - ミズナ
B. rapa var. rapa - カブ（ヨーロッパ系）
B. rapa var. hakabura - ノザワナ
B. rapa var. perviridis - コマツナ
B. rapa var. chinensis - パクチョイ、チンゲンサイ
B. rapa var. pekinensis - ハクサイ、
B. rapa var. narinosa - ターサイ（英: Tatsoi、日: 塌菜）
B. rapa var. glabra - カブ（アジア系）
Brassica rapa var. utilis - サイシン

このほかコウサイタイ、ブロッコレットなどが、市場に出回るようになっている。アスパラ菜など、交配による新顔も登場している。

自然交雑 [編集]

アブラナ科植物は形態的な変異に富んでいるが、その見た目とは反対に交雑して雑種が生まれ易い。すなわち、同種だけでなく他種の花粉によって結実してしまうもので、学術的な分類の困難な品種も多い。

これは、固定種や在来品種を維持するために自家採種を行っている農家にとって、特に頭の痛い問題であり、種苗用の種子生産では交雑を避けるために隔離栽培（他のアブラナ科植物の花粉で汚染されないよう、数百メートル以上離す）が必要だが、一般の圃場では不可能に近い（小さな島などで例がある）

利用 [編集]

この項では、セイヨウアブラナも含めたアブラナとしての用途を記す。

黒種（セイヨウアブラナの種子）

赤種（アブラナと同属の種子）

菜の花畑（兵庫県小野市立ひまわりの丘公園内）

国内の栽培面積では、北海道が最大で、特に滝川市が多い。また、青森県横浜町、次いで、秋田県の作付けが大きい。千葉県の房総半島南部（館山市、南房総市、鴨川市など）の栽培は、統計上大きくはないが、県の花になっている。

栽培 [編集]

生産量 [編集]

Top rapeseed producers
(million metric ton)
Country	1965	1975	1985	1995	2000	2005	2007	2009
中国	1.1	1.5	5.6	9.8	11.3	13.0	10.5	13.5
カナダ	0.5	1.8	3.5	6.4	7.2	9.4	9.6	11.8
インド	1.5	2.3	3.1	5.8	5.8	7.6	7.4	7.2
ドイツ	0.3	0.6	1.2	3.1	3.6	5.0	5.3	6.3
フランス	0.3	0.5	1.4	2.8	3.5	4.5	4.7	5.6
ポーランド	0.5	0.7	1.1	1.4	1.0	1.4	2.1	2.5
イギリス	<0.007	0.06	0.9	1.2	1.2	1.9	2.1	2.0
オーストラリア	<0.007	<0.06	0.1	0.6	1.8	1.4	1.1	1.9
ウクライナ	<0.007	<0.06	<0.03	<0.1	0.1	0.3	1.0	1.9
チェコ	0.07	0.1	0.3	0.7	0.8	0.7	1.0	1.1
アメリカ合衆国	<0.007	<0.06	<0.03	0.2	0.9	0.7	0.7	0.7
ロシア	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.6	0.7
デンマーク	0.05	0.1	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.6	0.6
ベラルーシ	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.03	0.07	0.1	0.2	0.6
ハンガリー	0.008	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.5	0.6
ルーマニア	0.01	0.02	0.04	0.04	0.1	0.1	0.4	0.6
World Total	5.2	8.8	19.2	34.2	39.5	46.4	50.5	61.6
Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)^[1]

種子 [編集]

菜種油: 種子の含油量40%、比重0.9、搾り取った菜種油は食用油、灯火、潤滑油の原料となる。精製したものは「白絞油（しらしめゆ）」または「水晶油」。; 近年の菜種油は、成分育種が進んでおり、有害なエルカ酸（エルシン酸とも）を含まないエルシン酸フリー品種が主流である。キャノーラ品種とはエルシン酸フリー及び低グルコシノレートの特性を持つ品種であり、エルシン酸フリーのみの品種はキャノーラ品種とは呼ばれない。; 世界的にセイヨウアブラナ種子の生産量は年々増加していて、4600万トンを超え、主要生産国は中華人民共和国、カナダ、インド、ドイツ、フランスなど（FAOの2005年の資料から）; いずれも遺伝子組み換え品種の導入が盛んで、特定の除草剤に耐性をもつものが広く導入されている。日本では組換え作物の生産は行われていない。
菜種油粕: 「油粕」と言えば「菜種油粕」を指すほど、菜種の絞り粕はよい肥料にもなった。成分は窒素約5%、五酸化リン約2.5%。大豆と違って飼料にされなかったのは、エルカ酸でなく主にグルコシノレートを含んでいたため。
香辛料: マスタードと同様に、種子（菜種）が薬味などに用いられる。

花 [編集]

詳細は「菜の花」を参照

野菜 [編集]

市場では、上記の蕾の時期の若い芽の部分だけをまとめたタイプ（はなな）のほかに、掻き取った脇芽を平たく袋詰めにしたタイプ（なばな）が主流となっており、後者の産地としては三重県桑名市長島町の栽培面積が170ha（2007年現在）と全国一で、「なばな発祥の地」と呼ばれている。

これは、従来から栽培していた食用選抜したセイヨウアブラナを、1990年頃から「三重なばな」の名で販売戦略を進めたもので、ブランド野菜の成功例として有名。

脚注 [編集]

^ http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/form?collection=Production.Crops.Primary&Domain=Production&servlet=1&hasbulk=0&version=ext&language=EN

外部リンク [編集]

道明寺天満宮・菜種御供大祭
神戸元町
環境研究所国道沿いに咲くアブラナ
アブラナ（油菜） - 江戸の植物図鑑（長野電波技術研究所）

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For the inventor of the harp in Celtic mythology, see Canola (mythology).

Canola refers to a cultivar of either rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) or field mustard (Brassica campestris L. or Brassica Rapa var.). Its seeds are used to produce edible oil suitable for consumption by humans^[1]^[2] and livestock.^[3] The oil is also suitable for use as biodiesel.

Originally, Canola was bred naturally from rapeseed at the University of Manitoba, Canada by Keith Downey and Baldur R. Stefansson in the early 1970s,^[4]^[5] but it has a very different nutritional profile in addition to much less erucic acid.^[6] The name "canola" was chosen by the board of the Rapeseed Association of Canada in 1978. The "Can" part obviously refers to Canada but the "ola" part has no real meaning despite several attempts by others to read a meaning into it. There were several other products around at the time using the "ola" tag including Mazola™ or Ricola™ or even Canola™ the name of a Canon Calculator. Genetically modified rapeseed is sometimes referred to as Rapeseed 00. A product known as LEAR (for low erucic acid rapeseed) derived from cross-breeding of multiple lines of Brassica juncea may also be referred to as canola oil and is considered safe for human consumption.^[7]

History [edit]

Close up of rapeseed blooms

Canola flower

Canola field in Temora, New South Wales

Canola was developed through conventional plant breeding from rapeseed, an oilseed plant already used in ancient civilization as a fuel. The word “rape” in rapeseed comes from the Latin word “rapum,” meaning turnip. Turnip, rutabaga, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, mustard, and many other vegetables are related to the two natural canola varieties commonly grown, which are cultivars of Brassica napus and Brassica rapa. The change in name serves to distinguish it from natural rapeseed oil, which has much higher erucic acid content.

Hundreds of years ago, rapeseed oil was used as a fuel in lamps in Asia and Europe. The Chinese and Indians used a form of rapeseed oil that was unrefined (natural).^[8] Its use was limited until the development of steam power, when machinists found rapeseed oil clung to water- or steam-washed metal surfaces better than other lubricants. World War II saw high demand for the oil as a lubricant for the rapidly increasing number of steam engines in naval and merchant ships. When the war blocked European and Asian sources of rapeseed oil, a critical shortage developed and Canada began to expand its limited rapeseed production.

After the war, demand declined sharply and farmers began to look for other uses for the plant and its products. Rapeseed oil extracts were first put on the market in 1956–1957 as food products, but these suffered from several unacceptable characteristics. Rapeseed oil had a distinctive taste and a disagreeable greenish colour due to the presence of chlorophyll. It also contained a high concentration of erucic acid. Experiments on animals have pointed to the possibility that erucic acid, consumed in large quantities, may cause heart damage, although Indian researchers have published findings that call into question these conclusions and the implication that the consumption of mustard or rapeseed oil is dangerous.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] Feed meal from the rapeseed plant also was not particularly appealing to livestock, due to high levels of sharp-tasting compounds called glucosinolates, and they would not eat it.

A variety developed in 1998 is considered to be the most disease- and drought-resistant Canola variety of rapeseed to date. This and other recent varieties have been produced by using genetic engineering. In 2011 26% of the acres sown were genetically modified (biotech) canola.^[14]

Canola was originally a trademark, but is now a generic term for edible varieties of rapeseed oil in North America and Australia. In Canada, an official definition of canola is codified in Canadian law.^[15]

Production and trade [edit]

Rapeseed was once considered a specialty crop in Canada, but Canola now has become a major American cash crop. Canada and the United States produce between 7 and 10 million tonnes of canola seed per year. Annual Canadian exports total 3 to 4 million tonnes of the seed, 800,000 tonnes of canola oil and 1 million tonnes of canola meal. GM canola may not be grown in jurisdictions that have not approved GMOs. Within the United States, 90% of the canola crop is grown in North Dakota.^[16]

Rapeseed is the highest-producing oil-seed crop in the USA. An Oregon State University researcher has determined that growing winter for hybrid Canola seed appears possible in central Oregon, USA, but the state prohibits it from being grown in Deschutes, Jefferson, and Crook counties because it may attract bees away from specialty seed crops such as carrots, which require bees for pollination. The rapeseed blossom is a major source of nectar for honeybees.

The major customers of canola seed are Japan, Mexico, China, and Pakistan, while the bulk of canola oil and meal goes to the United States, with smaller amounts shipped to Mexico, China, and Europe. World production of rapeseed oil in the 2002–2003 season was about 14 million metric tons.^[17] In the 2010–2011 season, world production is estimated to be at 58.4 million tonnes.^[18] The United States is a net consumer of canola oil, having used 3 billion pounds in 2010, 2.5 billion of which was imported from Canada.^[16]

The main price discovery mechanism for worldwide canola trade is the ICE Futures Canada (formerly Winnipeg Commodity Exchange) canola futures contract. Rapeseed is traded on the Euronext exchange.

Canola oil [edit]

Bottle of canola cooking oil

Canola oil is made at a processing facility by slightly heating and then crushing the seed. Almost all commercial grade canola oil is then refined using hexane. Finally, the crude oil is refined using water precipitation and organic acid, "bleaching" with clay, and deodorizing using steam distillation.^[19] Approximately 43% of a seed is oil.^[20] What remains is a rapeseed meal that is used as high quality animal feed. 22.68 kg (50 lb) of rapeseed makes approximately 10 L (2.64 US gal) of canola oil. Canola oil is a key ingredient in many foods. Its reputation as a healthy oil has created high demand in markets around the world, and overall it is the third most widely consumed vegetable oil in the world.^[21]

The oil has many non-food uses, and often replaces non-renewable resources in products including industrial lubricants, biofuels, candles, lipsticks, and newspaper inks.

The average density of canola oil is 0.92 g/ml.^[22]

Health information [edit]

Compound	Family	% of total
Oleic acid	ω-9	61%^[23]
Linoleic acid	ω-6	21%^[23]
Alpha-linolenic acid	ω-3	11%^[23] 9%^[24]^[25]
Saturated fatty acids		7%^[23]
Palmitic acid		4%^[24]
Stearic acid		2%^[24]
Trans fat		0.4%^[26]

Canola oil is low in saturated fat and contains both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in a ratio of 2:1. If consumed, it also reduces Low-density lipoprotein and overall cholesterol levels, and as a significant source of the essential omega-3 fatty acid is associated with reduced all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.^[27] It is recognized by many health professional organizations including the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and American Heart Association.^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31] Canola oil has been given a qualified health claim from the United States Food and Drug Administration due to its high levels of cholesterol-lowering fats.^[32]

Erucic acid issues [edit]

Main article: erucic acid

Although wild rapeseed oil contains significant amounts of erucic acid,^[33] a known toxin,^[34] the cultivar used to produce commercial, food-grade canola oil was bred to contain less than 2% erucic acid, levels that are not believed to cause harm in humans^[35]^[36] and no health effects have been associated with consumption by humans of the genetically modified oil.^[34] Although rumors that canola oil can cause dangerous health problems circulated,^[37]^[38] there is no reason to believe canola oil poses unusual health risks and its consumption in food-grade forms is generally recognized as safe by the United States Food and Drug Administration.^[2]^[35]

Biodiesel [edit]

Main article: biodiesel

Because of the lower levels of the toxic and irritating properties of genetically modified rapeseed oil, Canola oil is a more promising source for manufacturing biodiesel than the natural oil as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels.

Comparison to other vegetable oils [edit]

Vegetable oils
Type	Saturated fatty acids^[39]	Mono- unsaturated fatty acids^[39]	Polyunsaturated fatty acids			Oleic acid (ω-9)	Smoke point
Type	Saturated fatty acids^[39]	Mono- unsaturated fatty acids^[39]	Total poly^[39]	linolenic acid (ω-3)	Linoleic acid (ω-6)	Oleic acid (ω-9)	Smoke point
Not hydrogenated^[40]
Canola (rapeseed)	7.365	63.276	28.142	-	-	-	400 °F (204 °C)^[41]
Coconut	91.00	6.000	3.000	-	2	6	350 °F (177 °C)^[41]
Corn	12.948	27.576	54.677	1	58	28	450 °F (232 °C)^[42]
Cottonseed	25.900	17.800	51.900	1	54	19	420 °F (216 °C)^[42]
Flaxseed/Linseed (European)^[43]	6 - 9	10 - 22	68 - 89	56 - 71	12 - 18	10 - 22	225 °F (107 °C)
Olive	14.00	72.00	14.00	-	-	-	380 °F (193 °C)^[41]
Palm	49.300	37.000	9.300	-	10	40	455 °F (235 °C)^[44]
Peanut	16.900	46.200	32.000	-	32	48	437 °F (225 °C)^[42]
Safflower (>70% linoleic)	8.00	15.00	75.00	-	-	-	410 °F (210 °C)^[41]
Safflower (high oleic)	7.541	75.221	12.820	-	-	-	410 °F (210 °C)^[41]
Soybean	15.650	22.783	57.740	7	54	24	460 °F (238 °C)^[42]
Sunflower (<60% linoleic)	10.100	45.400	40.100	0.200	39.800	45.300	440 °F (227 °C)^[42]
Sunflower (>70% oleic)	9.859	83.689	3.798	-	-	-	440 °F (227 °C)^[42]
Fully hydrogenated
Cottonseed (hydrog.)	93.600	1.529	.587		.287^[39]
Palm (hydrogenated)	47.500	40.600	7.500
Soybean (hydrogen.)	21.100	73.700	.400	.096^[39]
Values as percent (%) by weight of total fat.

Genetic modification issues [edit]

Blooming Canola field in Saskatchewan

A genetically engineered rapeseed that is tolerant to herbicide was first introduced to Canada in 1995. In 2009, 90% of the Canadian crop was herbicide-tolerant.^[45] As of 2005, 87% of the canola grown in the US was genetically modified.^[46] A 2010 study conducted in North Dakota found glyphosate- or glufosinate-resistance transgenes in 80% of wild natural rapeseed plants, and a few plants that were resistant to both herbicides. The escape of the genetically modified plants has raised concerns that the build-up of herbicide resistance in feral canola could make it more difficult to manage these plants using herbicides. However one of the researchers agrees that ".. feral populations could have become established after trucks carrying cultivated GM seeds spilled some of their load during transportation." She also notes that the GM canola results they found may have been biased as they only sampled along roadsides.^[47]

Legal issues [edit]

Genetically modified canola has become a point of controversy and contentious legal battles. In one high-profile case (Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser) the Monsanto Company sued Percy Schmeiser for patent infringement after he replanted canola seed that he had harvested from his field, which he discovered was contaminated with Monsanto's patented glyphosate-tolerant canola by spraying it with Roundup, leaving only the resistant plants. The Supreme Court ruled that Percy was in violation of Monsanto's patent because he knowingly replanted the resistant seed that he had harvested, but he was not required to pay Monsanto damages since he did not benefit financially from its presence.^[48] On 19 March 2008, Schmeiser and Monsanto Canada Inc. came to an out-of-court settlement whereby Monsanto would pay for the clean-up costs of the contamination, which came to a total of $660 Canadian.^[49]

In 2003, Australia's gene technology regulator approved the release of canola altered to make it resistant to Glufosinate ammonium, a herbicide.^[50] The introduction of the genetically modified crop to Australia generated considerable controversy.^[51] Canola is Australia's third biggest crop, and is used often by wheat farmers as a break crop to improve soil quality. As of 2008 the only genetically modified crops in Australia were canola, cotton, and carnations.^[52]^[53]

References [edit]

^ Dupont, J; White, PJ; Johnston, HA; McDonald, BE; Grundy, SM; Bonanome, A (October 1989). "Food safety and health effects of canola oil". Journal of the American College of Nutrition 8 (5): 360–375. PMID 2691543.
^ ^a ^b Zeratsky, Katherine (2009). "Canola Oil: Does it Contain Toxins?". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
^ "Canola". infoplease.com. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
^ "Richard Keith Downey: Genetics". science.ca. 2007. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
^ Storgaard, AK (2008). "Stefansson, Baldur Rosmund". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
^ Barthet, V. "Canola". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
^ "Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed (Lear) Oil Derived From Canola-quality Brassica juncea (L.) CZERN. Lines PC 97-03, PC98-44 AND PC98-45". Health Canada. Retrieved 2008-12-29. Unknown parameter |unused_data= ignored (help)
^ Fats that Heal, Fats that Killby Udo Erasmus.
^ Ghafoorunissa (1996). "Fats in Indian Diets and Their Nutritional and health Implications". Lipids 31: S287–S291. doi:10.1007/BF02637093. PMID 8729136.
^ Shenolikar, I (1980). "Fatty Acid Profile of Myocardial Lipid in Populations Consuming Different Dietary Fats". Lipids 15 (11): 980–982. doi:10.1007/BF02534427.
^ Bellenand, JF; Baloutch, G; Ong, N; Lecerf, J (1980). "Effects of Coconut Oil on Heart Lipids and on Fatty Acid Utilization in Rapeseed Oil". Lipids 15 (11): 938–943. doi:10.1007/BF02534418.
^ Achaya, KT (1987). "Fat Status of Indians". Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research 46: 112–126. More than one of |work= and |journal= specified (help)
^ Indu, M; Ghafoorunissa (1992). "n-3 Fatty Acids in Indian Diets - Comparison of the Effects of Precursor (Alpha-Linolenic Acid) Vs Product (Long chain n-3 Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids)". Nutrition Research 12 (4–5): 569–582. doi:10.1016/S0271-5317(05)80027-2.
^ Biotech Canola - Annual Update 2011
^ "Canola Varieties". Canola Growers Manual. Canola Council of Canada. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
^ ^a ^b As canola demand rises, US works to grow more, Gannett, Associated Press, 19 August 2011, retrieved 20 August 2011
^ USDA. "Agricultural Statistics 2005" (PDF).
^ FAS.usda.gov
^ http://www.canolainfo.org/canola/index.php?page=6
^ Soyatech.com
^ http://www.canolainfo.org/canola/index.php
^ "Section 3.1: Leaking Tank Experiments with Orimulsion and Canola Oil". NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OR&R 6. Ocean Service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. December 2001.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Comparison of Dietary Fats Chart". Canola Council of Canada. Retrieved 2008-09-03.
^ ^a ^b ^c USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 21 (2008)
^ DeFilippis, Andrew P.; Laurence S. Sperling. "Understanding omega-3's" (PDF). Archived from the original on 22 October 2007.
^ USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 22 (2009)
^ O'Brien, R (2008). Fats and Oils Formulating and Processing for Applications, Third Edition: Formulating and Processing for Applications. CRC Press. pp. 37–40. ISBN 1420061666.
^ "Canola Oil: Good for Every Body" (PDF). American Dietetic Association. 2006. Archived from the original on 27 November 2008.
^ "Knowing Your Fats". American Heart Association. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
^ "Protect Your Heart: Choose Fats Wisely" (PDF). American Diabetes Association. 2004. Retrieved 2008-09-03.
^ "AAFP 2006-Changing the Landscape of Chronic Disease Care". American Association of Family Physicians 2006 Scientific Assembly. 2006. Retrieved 2008-09-03.
^ "Qualified Health Claims, Letter of Enforcement Discretion U.S. Food and Drug Administration". 2006. Retrieved 2008-09-03.
^ doi:10.1007/BF02672436
^ ^a ^b Reddy, Chada S.; Hayes, A. Wallace (2007). "Foodborne Toxicants". In Hayes, A. Wallace. Principles and methods of toxicology (5th ed.). London, UK: Informa Healthcare. p. 640. ISBN 0-8493-3778-X.
^ ^a ^b U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 1 April 2010,
^ The Commission of the European Communities (1980). "Commission Directive 80/891/EEC of 25 July 1980 relating to the Community method of analysis for determining the erucic acid content in oils and fats intended to be used as such for human consumption and foodstuffs containing added oils or fats". EurLex Official Journal 254.
^ Mikkelson, Barbara (30 December 2005). "Canola Oil and Rape Seed". Snopes.com. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
^ Edell, Dean (1999). "Canola Oil: Latest Internet Hoax Victim". Healthcentral.com. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Nutrient database, Release 24". United States Department of Agriculture. All values in this column are from the USDA Nutrient database unless otherwise cited.
^ "Fats, Oils, Fatty Acids, Triglycerides". Scientific Psychic (R). All values for ω-3, ω-6, ω-9 fats (not hydrogenated) are from Scientific Psychic (R) unless otherwise cited.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Katragadda, H. R.; Fullana, A. S.; Sidhu, S.; Carbonell-Barrachina, Á. A. (2010). "Emissions of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils". Food Chemistry 120: 59. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.070.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Wolke, Robert L. (May 16, 2007). "Where There's Smoke, There's a Fryer". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
^ Fatty acid composition of important plant and animal fats and oils (German) 21 December 2011, Hans-Jochen Fiebig, Münster
^ (Italian) Scheda tecnica dell'olio di palma bifrazionato PO 64.
^ Beckie, Hugh et al (Autumn 2011) GM Canola: The Canadian Experience Farm Policy Journal, Volume 8 Number 8, Autumn Quarter 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2012
^ Johnson, Stanley R. et al Quantification of the Impacts on US Agriculture of Biotechnology-Derived Crops Planted in 2006 National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy, Washington DC, February 2008. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
^ "GM crop escapes into the American wild". Retrieved 2011-08-24.
^ Federal Court of Appeal of Canada. Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser (C.A.) [2003] 2 F.C. 165. Retrieved 25 March 2006.
^ "Monsanto vs Schmeiser: In the Spotlight". Retrieved 2009-03-05.
^ "GM canola gets the green light". Sydney Morning Herald. 1 April 2003. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
^ for example Price, Libby (6 September 2005). "Network of concerned farmers demands tests from Bayer". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2007-10-10. and "Greenpeace has the last laugh on genetic grains talks". Australian Broadcaasting Corporation. 13 March 2003. Retrieved 2007-10-20. also Cauchi, Stephen (25 October 2003). "GM: food for thought". The Age. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
^ GM Crops and Stockfeed
^ GM Carnations in Australia

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Canola

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Brassica campestris

Review of University of Alberta Canola Breeding Program
Swathing and Harvesting Canola
Canola Production
North Dakota State University picture comparing canola oil fatty acid content with other oils.
USDA-ERS Briefing Room - Canola Summary of canola production, trade, and consumption as well as links to relevant USDA reports.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 食事中の脂肪 dietary fat
2. 小児のための菜食料理 vegetarian diets for children
3. 蛋白漏出性胃腸症 protein losing gastroenteropathy
4. 妊娠を計画している男女における自然妊娠の最適化 optimizing natural fertility in couples planning pregnancy
5. シクロスポリンおよびタクロリムスの腎毒性 cyclosporine and tacrolimus nephrotoxicity

English Journal

Evaluation of canola oil oleogels with candelilla wax as an alternative to shortening in baked goods.

Jang A1, Bae W1, Hwang HS2, Lee HG3, Lee S4.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Nov 15;187:525-9. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.110. Epub 2015 Apr 24.
The oleogels of canola oil with candelilla wax were prepared and utilized as a shortening replacer to produce cookies with a high level of unsaturated fatty acids. The incorporation of candelilla wax (3% and 6% by weight) to canola oil produced the oleogels with solid-like properties. The firmness o
PMID 25977059

Effect-directed analysis of cold-pressed hemp, flax and canola seed oils by planar chromatography linked with (bio)assays and mass spectrometry.

Teh SS1, Morlock GE2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Nov 15;187:460-8. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.043. Epub 2015 Apr 21.
Cold-pressed hemp, flax and canola seed oils are healthy oils for human consumption as these are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and bioactive phytochemicals. However, bioactive information on the food intake side is mainly focused on target analysis. For more comprehensive information with rega
PMID 25977051

Molecular cloning and expression analysis of a Cu/Zn SOD gene (BcCSD1) from Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis.

Cui L1, Huang Q1, Yan B1, Wang Y1, Qian Z1, Pan J1, Kai G2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Nov 1;186:306-11. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.121. Epub 2014 Aug 4.
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are a family of metalloproteins extensively exists in eukaryote, which plays an essential role in stress-tolerance of higher plants. A full-length cDNA encoding Cu/Zn SOD (BcCSD1) was isolated from young seedlings of non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp.
PMID 25976826

Japanese Journal

Use of Differential Scanning Calorimetry to Detect Canola Oil (Brassica napus L.) Adulterated with Lard Stearin

Marikkar Jalaldeen Mohammed Nazrim,Rana Sohel
Journal of Oleo Science 63(9), 867-873, 2014-09
NAID 40020166234

Quality Evaluation of Noble Mixed Oil Blended with Palm and Canola Oil

Choi Hyesook,Lee Eunji,Lee Kwang-Geun
Journal of Oleo Science 63(7), 653-660, 2014-07
NAID 40020098595

P-59 Biodiesel Production Using MTBE

FAROBIE Obie,柳田高志,松村幸彦
バイオマス科学会議発表論文集 (9), 170-171, 2014-01-08
… Biodiesel production from canola oil in supercritical tert-butyl methyl ether (MTBE) is proposed. … Canola oil reacted with MTBE to generate fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). …
NAID 110009820220