WordNet

write a musical score for
a slight surface cut (especially a notch that is made to keep a tally) (同)scotch
a number that expresses the accomplishment of a team or an individual in a game or contest; "the score was 7 to 0"
an amount due (as at a restaurant or bar); "add it to my score and Ill settle later"
the act of scoring in a game or sport; "the winning score came with less than a minute left to play"
grounds; "dont do it on my account"; "the paper was rejected on account of its length"; "he tried to blame the victim but his success on that score was doubtful" (同)account
a written form of a musical composition; parts for different instruments appear on separate staves on large pages; "he studied the score of the sonata" (同)musical score
a set of twenty members; "a score were sent out but only one returned"
the facts about an actual situation; "he didnt know the score"
gain points in a game; "The home team scored many times"; "He hit a home run"; "He hit .300 in the past season" (同)hit, tally, rack_up
make underscoring marks (同)mark
make small marks into the surface of; "score the clay before firing it" (同)nock, mark
get a certain number or letter indicating quality or performance; "She scored high on the SAT"; "He scored a 200"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(ゲーム・競技の)『スコア』,得点記録 / (ゲーム・競技の)『得点』 / (試験の)点数,評点 / 《おもに文》20[の単位] / 《複数形で》多数(の…)《+『of』+『名』》 / 《まれ》勘定,借金 / 《単数形で》理由,根拠,原因 / (また『score mark』)刻み目,線,印 / 総譜,楽譜 / (ゲーム・競技で)〈点数〉‘を'『得点する』 / 〈競技〉‘の'得点を記録する / 〈得点〉‘を'〈人〉‘に'与える《+『名』〈人〉+『名』〈得点〉=+『名』〈得点〉+『to』(『for』)+『名』〈人〉》 / 〈試験〉‘を'採点する;(試験で)…‘の'点をとる《+『名』+『on』+『名』》 / (…で)…‘に'刻み目(印)をつける,線をひく《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 《米話》…‘を'こきおろす,酷評する / 《通例受動態で》(…のために)〈音楽〉‘を'作曲(編曲)する《+『for』+『名』》 / (ゲーム・競技で)『得点する』 / 優勢となる,成功する / 《俗》〈男が〉(女を)くどき落とす《+『with』+『名』》 / 《俗》麻薬を売う

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/18 23:53:59」(JST)

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Virginia Apgar

Virginia Apgar devised the Apgar score in 1952 as a simple and replicable method to quickly and summarily assess the health of newborn children immediately after birth.^[1]^[2] Apgar was an anesthesiologist who developed the score in order to ascertain the effects of obstetric anesthesia on babies.

The Apgar scale is determined by evaluating the newborn baby on five simple criteria on a scale from zero to two, then summing up the five values thus obtained. The resulting Apgar score ranges from zero to 10. The five criteria are summarized using words chosen to form a backronym (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration). From each column in the table below, the infant is given a score of 0, 1 or 2. The scores are added up and the total sum is their Apgar score.

Criteria

The five criteria of the Apgar score:

	Score of 0	Score of 1	Score of 2	Component of Acronym
Appearance/Complexion	blue or pale all over	blue at extremities body pink (acrocyanosis)	no cyanosis body and extremities pink	Appearance
Pulse rate	absent	<100	>100	Pulse
Reflex irritability	no response to stimulation	grimace/feeble cry when stimulated	cry or pull away when stimulated	Grimace
Activity	none	some flexion	flexed arms and legs that resist extension	Activity
Respiratory Effort	absent	weak, irregular, gasping	strong, lusty cry	Respiration

Interpretation of scores

Mind map showing summary for the Apgar score

The test is generally done at one and five minutes after birth, and may be repeated later if the score is and remains low. Scores 7 and above are generally normal, 4 to 6 fairly low, and 3 and below are generally regarded as critically low.

A low score on the one-minute test may show that the neonate requires medical attention^[3] but is not necessarily an indication that there will be long-term problems, particularly if there is an improvement by the stage of the five-minute test. If the Apgar score remains below 3 at later times such as 10, 15, or 30 minutes, there is a risk that the child will suffer longer-term neurological damage. There is also a small but significant increase of the risk of cerebral palsy. However, the purpose of the Apgar test is to determine quickly whether a newborn needs immediate medical care; it was not designed to make long-term predictions on a child's health.^[1]

A score of 10 is uncommon due to the prevalence of transient cyanosis, and is not substantially different from a score of 9. Transient cyanosis is common, particularly in babies born at high altitude. A study comparing babies born in Peru near sea level with babies born at very high altitude (4340 m) found a significant difference in the first but not the second Apgar score. Oxygen saturation (see Pulse oximetry) also was lower at high altitude.^[4]

Backronym

Some ten years after the initial publication, a backronym for APGAR was coined in the United States as a mnemonic learning aid: Appearance (skin color), Pulse (heart rate), Grimace (reflex irritability), Activity (muscle tone), and Respiration. In German, the words Atmung, Puls, Grundtonus, Aussehen, Reflexe were used; in Spanish, Apariencia, Pulso, Gesticulación, Actividad, Respiración; in Portuguese, Aparência, Pulso, Gesticulação, Atividade, Respiração; and, in French, Apparence, Pouls, Grimace, Activité, Respiration.

Another case where Apgar's name is eponymous for a backronym is American Pediatric Gross Assessment Record.

Another mnemonic devised for the test is to use the phrase “How Ready Is This Child”, which summarizes the test criteria as Heart rate, Respiratory effort, Irritability, Tone, and Color.

References

^ ^a ^b Apgar, Virginia (1953). "A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant". Curr. Res. Anesth. Analg. 32 (4): 260–267. PMID 13083014.
^ Finster, M.; Wood, M. (May 2005). "The Apgar score has survived the test of time". Anesthesiology 102 (4): 855–857. doi:10.1097/00000542-200504000-00022. PMID 15791116.
^ Casey, B. M.; McIntire, D. D.; Leveno, K. J. (February 15, 2001). "The continuing value of the Apgar score for the assessment of newborn infants". N Engl J Med. 344 (7): 467–471. doi:10.1056/NEJM200102153440701. PMID 11172187.
^ Gonzales, G. F.; Salirrosas, A. (2005). "Arterial oxygen saturation in healthy newborns delivered at term in Cerro de Pasco (4340 m) and Lima (150 m)". Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology : RB&E 3: 46. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-3-46. PMC 1215518. PMID 16156890.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 健康な新生児のルーチンのマネージメントの概要 overview of the routine management of the healthy newborn infant
2. 計算ツール：アプガースコア calculator apgar score
3. 分娩室における新生児蘇生法 neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room
4. 新生児脳症の臨床的特徴、診断、および治療 clinical features diagnosis and treatment of neonatal encephalopathy
5. 胎便吸引症候群の予防およびマネージメント prevention and management of meconium aspiration syndrome

English Journal

Urine interleukin-18 and cystatin-C as biomarkers of acute kidney injury in critically ill neonates.

Li Y, Fu C, Zhou X, Xiao Z, Zhu X, Jin M, Li X, Feng X.SourceDepartment of Nephrology, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China, lyh072006@hotmail.com.
Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany).Pediatr Nephrol.2012 May;27(5):851-60. Epub 2012 Jan 8.
BACKGROUND: Urinary interleukin-18 and cystatin-C are suggested to be biomarkers for predicting acute kidney injury (AKI). The aims of this study are to examine whether the urinary concentrations of interleukin-18 and cystatin-C vary with gestational age and other factors in non-AKI control neonates
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Twin births: cesarean section or vaginal delivery?

Hoffmann E, Oldenburg A, Rode L, Tabor A, Rasmussen S, Skibsted L.SourceDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Roskilde University Hospital, Roskilde Center of Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen National Board of Health, Health Statistics, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand.2012 Apr;91(4):463-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01356.x.
Objective. To assess morbidity and mortality in twin pregnancy deliveries, according to chorionicity and mode of delivery. Design. Population-based retrospective cohort. Setting. Fourteen obstetric departments in Denmark. Population. One thousand one hundred and seventy-five twin pregnancies with tw
PMID 22432546

Low-risk labor - outcomes after introduction of special guidelines combined with increased awareness of risk category.

Nesheim BI.SourceDepartment of Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital Ulleval, Oslo Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand.2012 Apr;91(4):476-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01360.x. Epub 2012 Feb 28.
Objective. To study whether special guidelines for low-risk parturients combined with increased awareness of risk category affect the management of labor. Design. Hospital-based registry study. Setting. Two identical birth units in one university hospital in Oslo, Norway. Population. All low-risk pa
PMID 22229739

Fluctuations of anti-Xa concentrations during maintenance enoxaparin therapy for neonatal thrombosis.

Lulic-Botica M, Rajpurkar M, Sabo C, Tutag-Lehr V, Natarajan G.SourceDepartment of Pharmacy, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992).Acta Paediatr.2012 Apr;101(4):e147-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02578.x. Epub 2012 Jan 10.
Aim: To evaluate fluctuations in anti-Xa concentrations in infants treated with enoxaparin for thrombosis and describe clinical outcomes. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on infants treated with enoxaparin in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and data on enoxaparin doses, an
PMID 22211705

Japanese Journal

low risk妊婦に対する助産師外来における妊婦健診の安全性評価(第1報)

町田玉枝,石田京子,吉村栄子,伊藤令子,徳原多賀子,佐世正勝
母性衛生 52(2), 351-356, 2011-07
総合周産期母子医療センター内に設置された医師との協働型の助産師外来における安全性を検討した。少なくとも1回以上の妊婦健診を助産師外来で行ったlow risk妊婦193名(助産群)と医師外来のみで妊婦健診が行われたlow risk妊婦257名(医師群)の周産期予後の比較を行った。助産師外来を受診した妊婦では分娩週数がより予定日に近く(助産群39.7±1.0週v.s.医師群39.3±1.5週,P&lt …
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乳牛の分娩において牽引の程度が新生子牛の活力,血液ガス,血清IgG濃度に及ぼす影響

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産業動物臨床医学雑誌 2(1), 14-19, 2011-06
NAID 40018927402

妊娠中に化学療法を施行した卵巣卵黄嚢腫瘍の1例

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産婦人科の進歩 63(2), 121-126, 2011
妊娠中に悪性腫瘍と診断された場合の取り扱いについては原則として母体の治療を優先するが，近年妊娠を継続しつつ化学療法を含めた治療を行い母児ともに良好な経過を得ている報告も蓄積しつつある．今回われわれは妊娠中期に診断された卵巣卵黄嚢腫瘍に対して，妊娠を継続しつつ手術治療と化学療法を施行した症例を経験した．症例は23歳，増大する下腹部腫瘍の診断で妊娠19週に当科へ紹介受診となった．超音波検査およびMRI …
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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

国試過去問	「085D017」「086D003」
リンク元	「アプガースコア」
関連記事	「score」「scoring」

「085D017」

　　[★]

生後11時間の新生児。母親に妊娠高血圧症候群があった。在胎39週、頭位分娩で出生。出生体重1,800g。Apgar score 4点。生後6時間に全身チアノーゼが出現したが、酸素吸入により消失した。生後11時間に全身痙攣を来した。
まず行うべき検査はどれか。

(1) 血糖検査
(2) 血清電解質
(3) 脳脊髄液検査
(4) 脳波
(5) 頭部X線単純CT

a. (1)(2)
b. (1)(5)
c. (2)(3)
d. (3)(4)
e. (4)(5)

「086D003」

　　[★]

3ヶ月の乳児。帝王切開にて出生した。Apgar score 9点(1分)。出生児の体重は2950g、頭囲は46cmであった。来院時の頭囲は48cmである。頭部X線単純CTを次に示す。
この疾患でみられないのはどれか。

a. 眼球の突出
b. 眼球の上転障害
c. 大泉門の拡大
d. 頭皮静脈の拡張
e. 頭蓋骨縫合の離開

「アプガースコア」

　　[★]

英: Apgar score
同: Apgarスコア、アプガール・スコア、アプガールスコア、アプガーの採点法、アプガール評点

項目		評点
項目		0点	1点	2点
appearance	皮膚の色	蒼白(チアノーゼ)	四肢のみチアノーゼ	チアノーゼなし
pulse	心拍数	なし	１００/分以下	１００/分以上
grimace	刺激に反応	なし	顔をしかめる	啼泣する
activity	筋緊張（手足の動き）	四肢まったく弛緩	四肢やや屈曲	運動活発/屈曲
respiration	呼吸	なし	不規則で遅い弱い啼泣/換気低下	強い啼泣/換気正常