哺乳類のSRY(sex-determining region Y)遺伝子は脊椎動物で見つかった最初の性決定遺伝子である[14]。SRYを持つ哺乳類での精巣誘導が性分化の決定要因であることは、マウスXX胚にSRY遺伝子を導入すると精巣が形成されて雄となることで確認された[7]。DMファミリー遺伝子DMRT1は精巣形成に関与することも知られている[25]。
単孔類カモノハシの性染色体は、有袋類や獣亜綱の性染色体との相同性が低く、むしろ鳥類のZW性染色体への相同性のほうが高い[* 30][26][27](Veyrunes et al.(2008)の性染色体進化についての説明図)。このことは獣亜綱と単孔類の性染色体は別起原であり、獣亜綱Y染色体上のSRY遺伝子も単孔類との分岐(約1.66億年前)後に成立したことを示唆している。
これらの昆虫では、ショウジョウバエのSxl(sex-lethal)、セイヨウミツバチのcsd(complementary sex determinater)、カイコのW染色体上にあると推定される性決定遺伝子Fem、イエバエの雄性決定因子Mと、それぞれ異なった遺伝子で性決定されている(表5)。しかしながら、脊椎動物のDMRT1の例と同様に、それぞれの昆虫の性決定・性分化カスケードに共通の遺伝子としてdsx(doublesex)が存在している。dsx(Amdsx,Bmdsx etc.)遺伝子は、雌雄とも同じ形のmRNA前駆体として転写されるが、性決定遺伝子の影響を受けて、両性で異なったスプライシングを受け雄型mRNA・雌型mRNAとなり、両性で異なったタンパク質に翻訳され、性分化に関与している[* 17][20]。
^塚本増久、正野俊夫、堀尾政博(1980年)「北九州産イエバエの性決定様式:日本で初めて発見された第1常染色体上の雄性決定因子」『産業医科大学雑誌』(英語論文: Tukamoto M, Shono T, Horio M(1980). "Autosomal sex-determining system of the housefly : Discovery of the first-chromosomal male factor in Kitakyushu, Japan" Journal of UOEH2(2):235-252. )
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^ミツバチの未受精卵・受精卵からの雄・雌の発生については、Dzierzon, J. (1845) "Gutachten ueber die von Herrn Direktor Stoehr in ersten und zweiten Kapitel des General-Gutachtens aufgestellten Fragen." Bienenzeitung.1:109–113, 119–121. で報告されていた。- Cho, S. et al.(2006). Genome Res16: 1366-1375. の1366ページの記述より。
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^ベインブリッジ『X染色体:男と女を決めるもの』29-42ページ
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… 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72) gene and the superoxide dismutase type 1 (SOD1) gene described in the following sections. Repeat expansions of the C9ORF72 gene on chromosome 9p21 are causally linked …
… (HCT). Gene therapy is under investigation. HCT (including preferred donor source and complications after HCT) and gene therapy are reviewed in detail separately. While awaiting determination of the …
… fields of hematology, oncology, and neurodegenerative disease. Determination of the nucleotide base sequence of a gene or collection of genes that determines the amino acid sequence of a protein. Refers …
…multiple rounds of amplification . Common applications of qPCR include gene expression profiling, quantification of viral load, and determination of copy number. qPCR is performed by quantifying the amount of …
… of the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously. In general, the greater the amount of mRNA from a particular gene (ie, the higher the expression of that gene), the more fluorescently-labeled material …