white petrolatum

白色ワセリン

関

hydrophilic petrolatum、petrolatum、vaseline

WordNet

1. of summer nights in northern latitudes where the sun barely sets; "white nights"
2. the quality or state of the achromatic color of greatest lightness (bearing the least resemblance to black) (同)whiteness
3. (board games) the lighter pieces
4. restricted to whites only; "under segregation there were even white restrooms and white drinking fountains"; "a lily-white movement which would expel Negroes from the organization" (同)lily-white
5. marked by the presence of snow; "a white Christmas"; "the white hills of a northern winter" (同)snowy
6. glowing white with heat; "white flames"; "a white-hot center of the fire" (同)white-hot
7. (of hair) having lost its color; "the white hairs of old age" (同)whitened
8. (of coffee) having cream or milk added
9. being of the achromatic color of maximum lightness; having little or no hue owing to reflection of almost all incident light; "as white as fresh snow"; "a brides white dress"
10. benevolent; without malicious intent; "thats white of you"
11. free from moral blemish or impurity; unsullied; "in shining white armor"
12. of or belonging to a racial group having light skin coloration; "voting patterns within the white population"
13. United States educator who in 1865 (with Ezra Cornell) founded Cornell University and served as its first president (1832-1918) (同)Andrew D. White, Andrew Dickson White
14. United States writer noted for his humorous essays (1899-1985) (同)E. B. White, Elwyn Brooks White
15. United States jurist appointed chief justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1910 by President Taft; noted for his work on antitrust legislation (1845-1921) (同)Edward White, Edward D. White, Edward Douglas White Jr.
16. Australian writer (1912-1990) (同)Patrick White, Patrick Victor Martindale White
17. United States architect (1853-1906) (同)Stanford White
18. United States political journalist (1915-1986) (同)T. H. White, Theodore Harold White
19. a member of the Caucasoid race (同)White person, Caucasian
20. a tributary of the Mississippi River that flows southeastward through northern Arkansas and southern Missouri (同)White River
21. a food fish of the Atlantic waters of Europe resembling the cod; sometimes placed in genus Gadus (同)Merlangus merlangus, Gadus merlangus
22. a small fish of the genus Sillago; excellent food fish
23. any of several food fishes of North American coastal waters
24. flesh of a cod-like fish of the Atlantic waters of Europe
25. flesh of any of a number of slender food fishes especially of Atlantic coasts of North America
26. a semisolid mixture of hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum; used in medicinal ointments and for lubrication (同)petroleum_jelly, mineral_jelly

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉『白』,白色 / 〈U〉〈C〉白いもの;(特に)『卵の白身』 / 〈U〉『白衣』,白色の服;《しばしば複数形で》白の制服(運動着など) / 〈C〉白人 / 『白い』,白色の,純白の / (恐怖で人・顔・唇などが)『青白い』,血の気のない(pale) / (皮膚の色の)白い,白人の / (髪・ひげなどが)銀色の,改色の / 雪のある,雪の積もった / 《おもに古》潔白の,罪のない / 《英》(コーヒーが)ミルク入りの / …‘を'白くする,漂白する
2. ニベ(北米産);タラ(欧州産)
3. (銀の研摩剤に用いる)胡粉,白亜(chalk);漂白剤
4. 微量(bit)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/10/07 05:02:58」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Petroleum jelly.

Petroleum jelly, petrolatum, white petrolatum, soft paraffin/paraffin wax or multi-hydrocarbon, CAS number 8009-03-8, is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons (with carbon numbers mainly higher than 25), originally promoted as a topical ointment for its healing properties.

After petroleum jelly became a medicine chest staple, consumers began to use it for myriad of ailments as well as cosmetic purposes, including toenail fungus, genital rashes (non-STD), nosebleeds, diaper rash, and chest colds. Its folkloric medicinal value as a "cure-all" has since been limited by better scientific understanding of appropriate and inappropriate uses. It is recognized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an approved over-the-counter (OTC) skin protectant, and remains widely used in cosmetic skin care.

History

Original US patent application for the Vaseline product.

The raw material for petroleum jelly was discovered in 1859 in Titusville, Pennsylvania, United States, on some of the country's first oil rigs. Workers disliked the paraffin-like material forming on rigs because it caused them to malfunction, but they used it on cuts and burns because they believed it hastened healing.

Robert Chesebrough, a young chemist whose previous work of distilling fuel from the oil of sperm whales had been rendered obsolete by petroleum, went to Titusville to see what new materials had commercial potential. Chesebrough took the unrefined black "rod wax", as the drillers called it, back to his laboratory to refine it and explore potential uses. Chesebrough discovered that by distilling the lighter, thinner oil products from the rod wax, he could create a light-colored gel. Chesebrough patented the process of making petroleum jelly by U.S. Patent 127,568 in 1872. The process involved vacuum distillation of the crude material followed by filtration of the still residue through bone char.

Chesebrough traveled around New York demonstrating the product to encourage sales by burning his skin with acid or an open flame, then spreading the ointment on his injuries and showing his past injuries healed, he claimed, by his miracle product.

He opened his first factory in 1870 in Brooklyn using the name Vaseline.

Physical properties

Petroleum jelly is a mixture of hydrocarbons, having a melting point usually within a few degrees of human body temperature, approximately 37 °C (99 °F). It is flammable only when heated to liquid; then the fumes will light, not the liquid itself, so a wick material like leaves, bark, or small twigs is needed to ignite petroleum jelly. It is colorless, or of a pale yellow color (when not highly distilled), translucent, and devoid of taste and smell when pure. It does not oxidize on exposure to the air and is not readily acted on by chemical reagents. It is insoluble in water. It is soluble in dichloromethane, chloroform, benzene, diethyl ether, carbon disulfide and oil of turpentine.

Depending on the specific application of petroleum jelly, it may be USP, B.P., or Ph. Eur. grade. This pertains to the processing and handling of the petroleum jelly so it is suitable for medicinal and personal care applications.

Comparison with glycerol

Because they feel similar when applied to human skin, there is a common misconception that petroleum jelly and glycerol (glycerine) are physically similar. Petroleum jelly is a non-polar hydrophobic hydrocarbon (water-repelling) and insoluble in water. Glycerol is not a hydrocarbon. It is an alcohol that is strongly hydrophilic (water-attracting): by continuously absorbing moisture from the air, it produces the feeling of wetness on the skin. This feeling of wetness is similar to the feeling of greasiness produced by petroleum jelly.

Uses

Most uses of petroleum jelly exploit its lubricating and coating properties.

Medical treatment

Vaseline brand First Aid Petroleum Jelly, or carbolated petroleum jelly containing phenol to give the jelly additional antibacterial effect, has been discontinued. During World War II, a variety of petroleum jelly called red veterinary petrolatum, or Red Vet Pet for short, was often included in life raft survival kits. Acting as a sunscreen, it provides protection against ultraviolet rays.

A verified medicinal use is to protect and prevent moisture loss of the skin of a patient in the initial post-operative period following laser skin resurfacing.

There is one case report published in 1994 indicating petroleum jelly should not be applied to the inside of the nose due to the risk of lipid pneumonia, but this was only ever reported in one patient. However, petroleum jelly is used extensively by otolaryngologists—head and neck surgeons—for nasal moisture and epistaxis treatment, and to combat nasal crusting. Large studies have assessed petroleum jelly applied to the nose for short durations to have no significant side effects.

Historically, it was also consumed for internal use and even promoted as "Vaseline confection".

Skin and hair care

Most petroleum jelly today is used as an ingredient in skin lotions and cosmetics, providing various types of skin care and protection by minimizing friction or reducing moisture loss, or by functioning as a grooming aid.

Preventing moisture loss

By reducing moisture loss, petroleum jelly can prevent chapped hands and lips, and soften nail cuticles.

This property is exploited to provide heat insulation: petroleum jelly can be used to keep swimmers warm in water when training or during channel crossings or long ocean swims. It can prevent chilling of the face due to evaporation of skin moisture during cold weather outdoor sports.

Hair grooming

In the first part of the twentieth century, petroleum jelly, either pure or as an ingredient, was also popular as a hair pomade. When used in a 50/50 mixture with pure beeswax, it makes an effective moustache wax.

Skin lubrication

Petroleum jelly can be used to reduce the friction between skin and clothing during various sport activities, for example to prevent chafing of the seat region of cyclists, the nipples of long distance runners wearing loose T-shirts, and is commonly used in the crotch area of wrestlers and footballers.

Petroleum jelly is commonly used as a personal lubricant because it does not dry out like water-based lubricants, and has a distinctive "feel", different from that of K-Y and related methylcellulose products. However, it is not recommended for use with condoms during sexual activity because it swells latex and thus increases the chance of rupture. It is also not recommended for vaginal intercourse because it may increase the risk of yeast infection and bacterial vaginosis in women. It may be used safely for anal intercourse.

Product care and protection

Coating

Petroleum jelly can be used to coat corrosion-prone items such as metallic trinkets, non-stainless steel blades, and gun barrels prior to storage as it serves as an excellent and inexpensive water repellent. It is used as an environmentally friendly underwater antifouling coating for motor boats and sailing yachts. It was recommended in the Porsche owner’s manual as a preservative for light alloy (alleny) anodized Fuchs wheels to protect them against corrosion from road salts and brake dust. “Every three months (after regular cleaning) the wheels should be coated with petroleum jelly.”

Finishing

It can be used to finish and protect wood, much like a mineral oil finish. It is used to condition and protect smooth leather products like bicycle saddles, boots, motorcycle clothing, and used to put a shine on patent leather shoes (when applied in a thin coat and then gently buffed off).

Lubrication

Petroleum jelly can be used to lubricate zippers and slide rules. It was also recommended by Porsche in maintenance training documentation for lubrication (after cleaning) of "Weatherstrips on Doors, Hood, Tailgate, Sun Roof". The publication states "…before applying a new coat of lubricant…" "Only acid-free lubricants may be used, for example: glycerine, Vaseline, tire mounting paste, etc. These lubricants should be rubbed in, and excessive lubricant wiped off with a soft cloth."

Production processes

Petroleum jelly is a useful material when incorporated into candle wax formulas. The petroleum jelly softens the overall blend, allows the candle to incorporate additional fragrance oil, and facilitates adhesion to the sidewall of the glass. Petroleum jelly is used to moisten nondrying modelling clay such as plasticine, as part of a mix of hydrocarbons including those with greater (paraffin wax) and lesser (mineral oil) molecular weights. It is used as a tack reducer additive to printing inks to reduce paper lint "picking" from uncalendered paper stocks. It can be used as a release agent for plaster molds and castings. It is used in the leather industry as a waterproofing cream. It can be used for tinder, lightly coated on a cotton ball. It has been used as a secondary ingredient in a Molotov cocktail, to make the flames stick to any surface they touch and to make large amounts of smoke. It is used as a multifunctional product.

Other

Mechanical, barrier functions

Petroleum jelly can be used to coat the inner walls of terrariums to prevent animals crawling out and escaping.

A stripe of petroleum jelly can be used to prevent the spread of a liquid. For example, it can be applied close to the hairline when using a home hair dye kit to prevent the hair dye from irritating or staining the skin. Also used as a Diaper Rash preventive treatment.

Surface cleansing

Petroleum jelly is used to gently clean a variety of surfaces, ranging from makeup removal from faces to tar stain removal from leather.

Pet care

Petroleum jelly is used to moisturize the paws of dogs, and to inhibit fungal growth on aquatic turtles’ shells. It is a common ingredient in "hairball" remedies for domestic cats.

Clean-up

Petroleum jelly is very sticky and hard to remove from non-biological surfaces with the usual and customary cleaning agents typically found in the home. It may be dissolved with paint thinner or other petroleum solvents such as acetone, which dissolves many plastics.

Petroleum jelly is slightly soluble in alcohol. To avoid damage to plastics as well as minimize ventilation issues, isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol can be used to remove petroleum jelly from most surfaces. Isopropyl alcohol is inert to most household surfaces, including almost every plastic, and removes petroleum jelly efficiently. While alcohol causes fewer ventilation problems than petroleum solvents, ventilation is still recommended, especially if large surface areas are involved.

Petroleum jelly is also soluble in lower molecular weight oils. Using an oil to dissolve the petroleum jelly first can render it more soluble to solvents and soaps that would not dissolve pure petroleum jelly. Vegetable oils such as canola and olive oil are commonly used to aid in the removal of petroleum jelly from hair and skin.

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "^{article name needed}". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

External links

• Study of the effect of Aquaphor and petroleum jelly ointment on wound healing
• Test methods for petroleum jelly
• Typical specifications of petroleum jelly when blended with vegetable based oils

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 乳幼児におけるおむつ皮膚炎の概要 overview of diaper dermatitis in infants and children
• 2. 局所化学熱傷 topical chemical burns
• 3. 壊疽性膿皮症：治療および予後 pyoderma gangrenosum treatment and prognosis
• 4. シェーグレン症候群における口内乾燥およびその他の非眼結膜炎症状の治療 treatment of dry mouth and other non ocular sicca symptoms in sjogrens syndrome
• 5. クラスI抗不整脈剤の主な副作用 major side effects of class i antiarrhythmic drugs

English Journal

• Novel post-treatment care after ablative and fractional CO2 laser resurfacing.

• Duplechain JK1, Rubin MG, Kim K.Author information 1Department of Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery, Tulane University Medical Center , New Orleans, LA , USA.AbstractAbstract Objective: This study evaluates a topical oxygen emulsion (TOE) to reduce adverse effects after skin rejuvenation with a fully ablative CO2 laser alone and in combination with a fractional ablative CO2 laser. Materials and methods: Patients (n = 100) seeking skin rejuvenation underwent CO2 laser resurfacing. Group A patients (n = 34) received a single deep fractional laser treatment followed by application of Aquaphor(™) immediately after treatment for 24 h and TOE every 6 h for the next 6 days. Group B patients (n = 66) underwent both deep fractional and fully ablative laser resurfacing followed by application of TOE every 6 h for 7 consecutive days. Results: Patients in both groups showed clinical improvement and a 7.1% overall incidence of adverse effects which included milia (5.1% overall) and hyperpigmentation (3.1% overall). For milia, Group A and Group B individual adverse effect rates were 11.8% and 1.5%, respectively; for hyperpigmentation, individual rates were 0.0% and 3.1%, respectively. Conclusion: The elimination of petrolatum products in the post-skin care regimen has significantly reduced the incidence of post-procedure complications when compared with the use of TOE, resulting in the lowest incidence of complications in fully ablative or fractional resurfacing published thus far.
• Journal of cosmetic and laser therapy : official publication of the European Society for Laser Dermatology.J Cosmet Laser Ther.2014 Apr;16(2):77-82. doi: 10.3109/14764172.2013.854625. Epub 2013 Nov 18.
• Abstract Objective: This study evaluates a topical oxygen emulsion (TOE) to reduce adverse effects after skin rejuvenation with a fully ablative CO2 laser alone and in combination with a fractional ablative CO2 laser. Materials and methods: Patients (n = 100) seeking skin rejuvenation underwent CO2
• PMID 24131071

• A novel nanoscale-dispersed eye ointment for the treatment of dry eye disease.

• Zhang W1, Wang Y, Lee BT, Liu C, Wei G, Lu W.Author information 1Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.AbstractA novel nanoscale-dispersed eye ointment (NDEO) for the treatment of severe evaporative dry eye has been successfully developed. The excipients used as semisolid lipids were petrolatum and lanolin, as used in conventional eye ointment, which were coupled with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) as a liquid lipid; both phases were then dispersed in polyvinyl pyrrolidone solution to form a nanodispersion. Single-factor experiments were conducted to optimize the formulations. A transmission electron micrograph showed that the ointment matrix was entrapped in the nanoemulsion of MCT, with a mean particle size of about 100 nm. The optimized formulation of NDEO was stable when stored for six months at 4 °C, and demonstrated no cytotoxicity to human corneal epithelial cells when compared with commercial polymer-based artificial tears (Tears Natural(®) Forte). The therapeutic effects of NDEO were evaluated on a mouse model with 'dry eye'. Both the tear break-up time and fluorescein staining demonstrated therapeutic improvement, displaying a trend of positive correlation with higher concentrations of ointment matrix in the NDEO formulations compared to a marketed product. Histological evaluation demonstrated that the NDEO restored the normal corneal and conjunctival morphology and is safe for ophthalmic application.
• Nanotechnology.Nanotechnology.2014 Mar 28;25(12):125101. doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/12/125101. Epub 2014 Feb 26.
• A novel nanoscale-dispersed eye ointment (NDEO) for the treatment of severe evaporative dry eye has been successfully developed. The excipients used as semisolid lipids were petrolatum and lanolin, as used in conventional eye ointment, which were coupled with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) as a li
• PMID 24571862

• Comparative pharmaceutical evaluation of brand and generic clobetasone butyrate ointments.

• Yamamoto Y1, Fukami T2, Koide T3, Onuki Y4, Suzuki T2, Metori K2, Katori N3, Hiyama Y3, Tomono K2.Author information 1Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Japan. Electronic address: y.yamamoto@thu.ac.jp.2School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Japan.3Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, Japan.4Department of Pharmaceutics, Hoshi University, Japan.AbstractIn the present study, we performed comprehensive pharmaceutical evaluation among an original clobetasone butyrate (CLB) ointment product and three generic products. Although spherocrystal images were observed under a polarizing microscope for only Kindavate(®), the original product, distribution of active and inactive ingredients was chemically equivalent between the original and generic medicine by the attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy. These results suggest that the spherocrystals observed in Kindavate(®) are composed of hydrocarbon. On GC/MS, it was revealed that linear alkanes having 25-27 carbon atoms are densely present in Sun White(®), the base used in Kindavate(®). On the other hand, linear alkanes having 22-31 carbon atoms were broadly distributed in most other white petrolatums. In the CLB ointment products, the distribution equivalent of linear alkane to Sun White(®) was observed only in Kindavate(®). Thus, the GC/MS method is extremely useful for identification of white petrolatum used in the ointment. A similar amount of CLB among the pharmaceutical products was detected in the skin tissue by skin accumulation test, although there were the differences in rheological properties and the quality of white petrolatum. The present results will be very useful for pharmacists in selecting medicine products that match the needs of the patient. Such pharmaceutical information will help spread objective knowledge about products in the future, and will contribute to the appropriate selection of medication.
• International journal of pharmaceutics.Int J Pharm.2014 Mar 10;463(1):62-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.12.054. Epub 2014 Jan 7.
• In the present study, we performed comprehensive pharmaceutical evaluation among an original clobetasone butyrate (CLB) ointment product and three generic products. Although spherocrystal images were observed under a polarizing microscope for only Kindavate(®), the original product, distribution of
• PMID 24406671

Japanese Journal

• 症例 白色ワセリン自己注入後に発症した陰茎異物肉芽腫の1例

• 古江 隼人,岡本 勝行,中村 智之 [他]
• 皮膚科の臨床 53(12), 1803-1806, 2011-11-00
• NAID 40019058737

• Effect of Sebum and Ointment Rubbing on the Skin Permeation of Triamcinolone Acetonide from White Petrolatum Ointment

• Ishii Hiroshi,Todo Hiroaki,Sugibayashi Kenji
• Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 33(5), 876-880, 2010
• … Effect of sebum and ointment rubbing was evaluated on the permeation of a model steroidal drug, triamcinolone acetonide (TA), from white petrolatum ointment through excised hairless rat skin. …
• NAID 130000248051

• プロスタグランジン系点眼薬の眼瞼色素沈着の発現を少なくするための一工夫

• 大友 孝昭,貴田岡 マチ子
• 緑内障 : 日本緑内障学会雑誌 : journal of Japan Glaucoma Society 17(1), 367-369, 2007-08-31
• NAID 10029605845

Related Links

• Petroleum jelly - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Petroleum jelly, petrolatum, white petrolatum or soft paraffin, CAS number 8009- 03-8, is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons (with carbon numbers mainly higher than 25), originally promoted as a topical ointment for its healing properties. ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「白色ワセリン」「hydrophilic petrolatum」
関連記事	「white」「whites」「White」

「白色ワセリン」

　　[★]

英

white petrolatum

ラ

vaselinum album

商

アミノ安息香酸エチル、エキザルベ 、サイベース、サリチル酸ワセリン、デキサンVG、テクスメテン、テストーゲン、ビダラビン、プレドニゾロン、プロクトセディル、プロペト 、ポステリザン、ボラザG、ボレークリーム、マイアロン、マルザルベ、リダスロン、リンデロン-VG、亜鉛華・サリチル酸、亜鉛華軟膏、吸水軟膏、強力ポステリザン、産婦人科用イソジンクリーム、親水ワセリン、親水軟膏、凍傷膏、白色ワセリン、白色軟膏

関

ワセリン、親水ワセリン

「hydrophilic petrolatum」

　　[★]

• 親水ワセリン

関

petrolatum、vaseline、white petrolatum

「white」

　　[★]

• n.

• 白色、白、(人種)白人

• adj.

• 白い

関

Caucasian、leuco、leuko、whites

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「whites」

　　[★]

• n.

• 白人

関

Caucasian、white

「White」

　　[★]