WordNet

clinical neurological syndrome characterized by muscular twitching and cramps and (when severe) seizures; associated with calcium deficiency (hypoparathyroidism) or vitamin D deficiency or alkalosis (同)tetanilla, intermittent tetanus, intermittent cramp, apyretic tetanus
relating to or being the keynote of a major or minor scale; "tonic harmony"
a medicine that strengthens and invigorates (同)restorative
(music) the first note of a diatonic scale (同)keynote
lime- or lemon-flavored carbonated water containing quinine (同)tonic_water, quinine water
used of syllables; "a tonic syllables carries the main stress in a word" (同)accented
employing variations in pitch to distinguish meanings of otherwise similar words; "Chinese is a tonal language" (同)tonal
of or relating to or producing normal tone or tonus in muscles or tissue; "a tonic reflex"; "tonic muscle contraction"
of or relating to or causing tetany
of or relating to or causing tetanus

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強壮剤;養毛剤,ヘアトニック / (精神的に)元気付けるもの / =tonic water / 主音(音階の中心となる第1音) / 強壮にする,元気付ける / 音調の / (音楽で)主音の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/08/27 07:48:04」(JST)

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Tetany or tetany seizure is a medical sign consisting of the involuntary contraction of muscles, which may be caused by disease or other conditions that increase the action potential frequency. Muscle cramps that are caused by the disease tetanus are not classified as tetany; rather, they are due to a blocking of the inhibition to the neurons that supply muscles.

Mechanism

Low calcium levels in the bloodstream increase the permeability of neuronal membranes to sodium ions, causing a progressive depolarization, which increases the possibility of action potentials. If the plasma Ca²⁺ decreases to less than 50% of the normal value of 9.4 mg/dl, action potentials may be spontaneously generated, causing contraction of peripheral skeletal muscles.^[1]

Causes

The usual cause of tetany is lack of calcium. An excess of phosphate (high phosphate-to-calcium ratio) can also trigger the spasms. Milk-and-alkali tetany is an example of this imbalance.
Underfunction of the parathyroid gland can lead to tetany.
Low levels of carbon dioxide cause tetany by altering the albumin binding of calcium such that the ionized (physiologically influencing) fraction of calcium is reduced; the most common reason for low carbon dioxide levels is hyperventilation.
Low levels of magnesium can lead to tetany.
Clostridium tetani toxin, via inhibition of glycine-mediated and GABA-ergic neurotransmission, may lead to tetany.
Rebirthing-Breathwork, purposeful rapid breathing for one - two hours at a time; first causing hyperventilation, may cause tetany.

Cow grazing on rapidly grown pasture with tetany of the neck suggesting Grass Tetany

An excess of potassium in grass hay or pasture can trigger winter tetany, or grass tetany, in ruminants.

Diagnosis

French Professor Armand Trousseau (1801-1867) devised the trick (now known as the Trousseau sign of latent tetany) of occluding the brachial artery by squeezing, to trigger cramps in the fingers. Also, tetany can be demonstrated by tapping anterior to the ear, at the emergence of the facial nerve. This is now known as the Chvostek sign.

Tetany is characterized by contraction of distal muscles of the hands (carpal spasm with extension of interphalangeal joints and adduction and flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joints) and feet (pedal spasm) and is associated with tingling around the mouth and distally in the limbs.

EMG studies reveal single or often grouped motor unit discharges at low discharge frequency during tetany episodes.

References

^ Guyton, Arthur C.; Hall, John E. (2006). Textbook of Medical Physiology (11 ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders.

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 16th Edition - Dennis L. Kasper, Eugene Braunwald, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Anthony S. Fauci.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tetany

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UpToDate Contents

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1. 低カルシウム血症の臨床症状 clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia
2. 破傷風 tetanus
3. 過換気症候群 hyperventilation syndrome
4. マグネシウム欠乏の徴候および症状 signs and symptoms of magnesium depletion
5. 横紋筋融解症の原因 causes of rhabdomyolysis

English Journal

First Report of a Novel Missense CLDN19 Mutations Causing Familial Hypomagnesemia with Hypercalciuria and Nephrocalcinosis in a Chinese Family.

Yuan T1, Pang Q, Xing X, Wang X, Li Y, Li J, Wu X, Li M, Wang O, Jiang Y, Dong J, Xia W.
Calcified tissue international.Calcif Tissue Int.2015 Apr;96(4):265-73. doi: 10.1007/s00223-014-9951-7. Epub 2015 Jan 4.
Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CLDN16 or CLDN19 genes, encoding claudin-16 and claudin-19 in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. In patients with claudin-19 mutations, severe ocular involvem
PMID 25555744

Severe hypocalcemia due to lenalidomide.

Kong S1, Collet P1, Marotte H1, Thomas T2.
Joint, bone, spine : revue du rhumatisme.Joint Bone Spine.2015 Feb 25. pii: S1297-319X(15)00020-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2015.01.003. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID 25726251

Congenital rickets due to vitamin D deficiency in the mothers.

Paterson CR1, Ayoub D2.
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland).Clin Nutr.2014 Dec 17. pii: S0261-5614(14)00304-5. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.12.006. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND & AIMS: We wished to review all published reports of congenital rickets to identify the causes and characteristics.METHODS: 25 cases were identified in 19 published reports in which there was radiological and/or histological evidence of rickets in the first two weeks after birth. Case
PMID 25552383

Maternal atypical parathyroid adenoma as a cause of newborn hypocalcemic tetany.

Razavi CR1, Charitou M2, Marzouk M3.
Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.2014 Dec;151(6):1084-5. doi: 10.1177/0194599814555850. Epub 2014 Oct 16.
PMID 25325666

Japanese Journal

臨床上顎骨褐色腫を合併した原発性副甲状腺機能亢進症例

若杉哲郎,永谷群司,大久保淳一,小泉弘樹,加藤明子,今里圭,鈴木秀明
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 105(10), 973-980, 2012
… Except for temporary hypocalcemia with tetany, her postoperative clinical course was uneventful. …
NAID 130002141426

テタニーで発症したビタミンDとカルシウム欠乏による栄養障害性くる病の1例

木許泉,武藤太一朗,武田将典,伊藤浩明,坂本龍雄
日本小児科学会雑誌 115(10), 1550-1553, 2011-10-01
NAID 10029836432

イタリアンライグラス(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)とトールフェスク(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)の高Mg系統の消化性関連形質

内海祥治,喬玉梅,雑賀優
日本草地学会誌 56(4), 260-266, 2011-01-15
牧草にとって消化性は家畜生産性と関連する最も重要な形質の一つである。グラステタニー症発生の危険性を低下させるために育成された高Mg系統のイタリアンライグラス(Magnet)とトールフェスク(HiMag)について,消化性を酵素分析法によって評価し,Mg含有率を高める方向への選抜が消化性にどのような影響を及ぼしているかを確認した。刈取り方法は年4回刈りとし,イタリアンライグラスは2003年の1年間,ト …
NAID 110008460664

イタリアンライグラス(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)とトールフェスク(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)の高Mg系統のミネラル特性

内海祥治,喬玉梅,雑賀優
日本草地学会誌 56(4), 253-259, 2011-01-15
高Mg含有率で選抜されたイタリアンライグラスのMagnetとトールフェスクのHiMagについて,収量とミネラル特性を流通品種と比較し,高Mg系統の特性を検証した。刈取り方法は年4回刈りとし,イタリアンライグラスは2003年の1年間,トールフェスクは2003年と2004年の2年間調査した。ミネラル分析は,エネルギー分散型蛍光X線分析装置(JSK-3220)で行なった。高Mg系統の収量は比較品種と同等 …
NAID 110008460663

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「テタニー」「tonic」「tetanic」「tetanize」「spasmophilia」

「テタニー」

Tetany
ICD-10	R29.0
ICD-9	781.7
DiseasesDB	29143
MeSH	D013746

　　[★]

英: tetany (M)
同: 強縮性収縮 tetanic contraction
関: [[]]

概念

上皮小体を除くとカルシウム濃度の低下により、激しい痙攣に襲われる
全身の筋痙攣は血液中のカルシウム濃度低下により起こる

原因

低カルシウム血症：カルシウムイオンは細胞の興奮性を低下する安定化作用がある(PT.440)
アルカローシス：アルカローシスからテタニーに至りやすい。pH↑　→　アルブミンnegative charge↑　→　アルブミン-Ca2+ ↑　→　free Ca2+ ↓　≒ 低カルシウム血症 (SP.774)
低マグネシウム血症