WordNet

abnormal adhesion and rigidity of the bones of a joint (同)anchylosis
relating to or being the keynote of a major or minor scale; "tonic harmony"
a medicine that strengthens and invigorates (同)restorative
(music) the first note of a diatonic scale (同)keynote
lime- or lemon-flavored carbonated water containing quinine (同)tonic_water, quinine water
used of syllables; "a tonic syllables carries the main stress in a word" (同)accented
employing variations in pitch to distinguish meanings of otherwise similar words; "Chinese is a tonal language" (同)tonal
of or relating to or producing normal tone or tonus in muscles or tissue; "a tonic reflex"; "tonic muscle contraction"
relating to or characteristic of the abnormality ankylosis

PrepTutorEJDIC

強壮剤;養毛剤,ヘアトニック / (精神的に)元気付けるもの / =tonic water / 主音(音階の中心となる第1音) / 強壮にする,元気付ける / 音調の / (音楽で)主音の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/30 02:16:21」(JST)

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Ankylosis or anchylosis (from Greek ἀγκύλος, bent, crooked) is a stiffness of a joint due to abnormal adhesion and rigidity of the bones of the joint, which may be the result of injury or disease. The rigidity may be complete or partial and may be due to inflammation of the tendinous or muscular structures outside the joint or of the tissues of the joint itself. Noma—a gangrenous disease still widespread among malnourished children living on the borders of the Sahara desert—can cause ankylosis of the maxilla and mandible, impairing the ability to speak and eat.^[1]

When the structures outside the joint are affected, the term "false ankylosis" has been used in contradistinction to "true ankylosis", in which the disease is within the joint. When inflammation has caused the joint-ends of the bones to be fused together the ankylosis is termed osseous or complete and is an instance of synostosis. Excision of a completely ankylosed shoulder or elbow may restore free mobility and usefulness to the limb. "Ankylosis" is also used as an anatomical term, bones being said to ankylose (or anchylose) when, from being originally distinct, they coalesce, or become so joined together that no motion can take place between them.

Fossil record

Evidence for ankylosis found in the fossil record is studied by paleopathologists, specialists in ancient disease and injury. Ankylosis has been reported in dinosaur fossils from several species, including Allosaurus fragilis, Becklespinax altispinax, Poekilopleuron bucklandii, and Tyrannosaurus rex (including the Stan specimen).^[2]

Footnotes

^ Deeb, G. R.; Yih, WY; Merrill, RG & Lundeen, RC (1999). "Noma: report of a case resulting in bony ankylosis of the maxilla and mandible". Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 28 (6): 378–382. doi:10.1038/sj.dmfr.4600475. PMID 10578195. .
^ Molnar, R. E., 2001, Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, p. 337-363.

References

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ankylosis". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Isolated congenital maxillomandibular synechiae.

Cerrati EW1, Ahmed OH2, Rickert SM1.
American journal of otolaryngology.Am J Otolaryngol.2015 Sep-Oct;36(5):707-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2015.04.008. Epub 2015 Apr 16.
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Ishino T1, Takeno S2, Hirakawa K2.
European journal of medical genetics.Eur J Med Genet.2015 Sep;58(9):427-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.06.005. Epub 2015 Jul 26.
Human noggin (NOG) gene mutation causes multiple bony disorders showing up as stapes ankylosis with broad thumbs and toes (SABTT), proximal symphalangism (SYM1), multiple synostoses syndrome 1 (SYNS1), tarsal-carpal coalition syndrome (TCC) and brachydactyly type B2 (BDB2). These phenotypes are defi
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Interpositional arthroplasty versus reconstruction arthroplasty for temporomandibular joint ankylosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Ma J1, Jiang H2, Liang L3.
Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery.J Craniomaxillofac Surg.2015 Sep;43(7):1202-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2015.04.017. Epub 2015 May 8.
BACKGROUND: Interpositional arthroplasty (IA) and reconstruction arthroplasty (RA) are widely used in treating temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJA). But the reported clinical outcomes are controversial, the debate over which one is better remains.METHODS: The Pubmed, EMBASE, OVID EBM Reviews, an
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The Open Dentistry Journal 9, 52-59, 2015-01-30
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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「tonic」「関節強直」「ankylotic」「強直症」「tetanize」

「tonic」

Ankylosis
	Osseous ankylosis has fused two vertebrae of this North Atlantic right whale specimen
Classification and external resources
Specialty	rheumatology
ICD-10	M24.6
ICD-9-CM	718.5
DiseasesDB	29910
MeSH	D000844